ArticleCureus2026
Oxidant and Antioxidant Levels in Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive renal disorder strongly associated with oxidative stress, which contributes to renal damage and systemic complications. Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defence mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate oxidant and antioxidant levels across different stages of CKD. Methods This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 180 subjects, including 90 CKD patients and 90 healthy controls. CKD patients were classified into Stage III, Stage IV, and Stage V. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were measured to assess oxidative stress using standard laboratory assays. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA with Brown-Forsythe adjustment, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A progressive increase in serum MDA and a significant decrease in SOD levels were observed across CKD stages compared with controls. Stage V patients demonstrated the highest MDA concentrations and the lowest SOD activity, indicating severe oxidative imbalance. Differences between groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Additionally, serum creatinine levels showed a consistent rising trend with advancing CKD severity. Conclusion The study findings indicate a shift toward oxidant dominance as CKD progresses, characterised by enhanced lipid peroxidation and reduced antioxidant enzyme activity. These biochemical alterations highlight the importance of oxidative stress monitoring in CKD and suggest the potential benefit of antioxidant-targeted therapeutic strategies. Further longitudinal and interventional research is necessary to explore the clinical impact of oxidative stress reduction on CKD outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.