ArticleMolecular biology reports2026
Enhanced antibiofilm and gene-suppressive effects of cinnamon nanoemulsion against multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecalis.
Article in Molecular biology reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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6 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundEnterococcus faecalis is a major cause of persistent endodontic infections due to its strong biofilm-forming ability and resistance to conventional disinfectants. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) essential oil (EO) has been recognized for its antimicrobial properties; however, its poor solubility and stability limit its clinical application. This study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of cinnamon EO and its nanoemulsion (EM) against multidrug-resistant E. faecalis and its biofilm-associated gene expression.
methodsCinnamon EO was extracted via Soxhlet and emulsified using combined low- and high-energy methods. The physicochemical properties were characterized by GC–MS, FTIR, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by agar well diffusion, MIC/MBC determination, growth curve analysis, and crystal violet biofilm assay. Gene expression changes (fsrB, luxS, ebpR, ace, esp, epaA, and bopD) were quantified by RT-qPCR.
resultsGC–MS identified trans-cinnamaldehyde (70.5%) as the main component of the essential oil. EM showed a mean droplet size of 231.4 nm and a zeta potential of − 39.2 mV, indicating high stability. EM had MIC/MBC of 0.049% (v/v) relative to the 20% stock solution, and significantly reduced bacterial growth and biofilm biomass. RT-qPCR showed significant downregulation of quorum-sensing genes (fsrB, luxS), adhesion genes (ebpR, ace), and other biofilm-related genes (esp, epaA, bopD) after EM treatment.
conclusionCinnamon EO nanoemulsion demonstrated better antibiofilm activity than native EO, likely due to improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability of trans-cinnamaldehyde. Its capacity to inhibit growth, disrupt quorum-sensing, and reduce adhesion-related gene expression supports its potential as a natural adjunct for treating biofilm-related endodontic infections.
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