ArticleScientific reports2026
Serum programmed death ligand 2 is elevated in cats with mammary carcinoma.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Plant extracts and phytochemicals in canine and feline mammary cancer models: current evidence and comparative perspectives.Veterinary research communications · 2026Review
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7 authors.
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Abstract
Since the PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2 axis plays a vital role in immune tolerance and T-cell exhaustion, having emerged as a target for breast cancer immunotherapy, we investigated the relevance of serum PD-L2 (sPD-L2) levels in feline mammary carcinoma (FMC), to validate its potential use as a diagnostic and/or prognostic biomarker, and as a future target for immunotherapy. To accomplish that, sPD-L2 levels were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared between healthy control cats and cats with mammary carcinoma, also stratified by tumor molecular subtype. Statistical associations between sPD-L2 levels, clinicopathological features and other serum immune checkpoint molecules (sPD-1, sPD-L1, sCTLA-4, sTNF-α, sVEGF-A, sVEGFR-1, sVEGFR-2 and sLAG-3) were also analyzed. Results revealed that sPD-L2 levels were significantly higher in the FMC group (p < 0.0001), with a concentration of 1934 pg/mL established as the best cut-off value to distinguish sick from healthy cats (specificity: 96.6%; sensitivity: 93.6%; AUC = 0.980). Interestingly, cats with HER2-positive or Triple-Negative (TN) mammary carcinoma subtypes showed higher sPD-L2 levels (p < 0.0001). According to receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, a serum PD-L2 concentration of 5499 pg/mL represented the optimal cut-off for distinguishing cats with these two subtypes from cats with Luminal A (LA) and Luminal B (LB) carcinomas (specificity: 95.2%; sensitivity: 82.6%; AUC = 0.919). Furthermore, in the FMC group, positive correlations were found between sPD-L2 levels and sCTLA-4 (r = 0.496, p = 0.001), sTNF-α (r = 0.482, p = 0.0009), sVEGF-A (r = 0.54, p = 0.0002), sVEGFR-1 (r = 0.339, p = 0.025), sVEGFR-2 (r = 0.322, p = 0.033) and sLAG-3 levels (r = 0.324, p = 0.032). Finally, significant associations were found between sPD-L2 levels and progesterone receptor (PR) status (p = 0.002), HER2 status (p = 0.009) and Ki-67 index (p < 0.0001). A serum sPD-L2 concentration of 3732 pg/mL was identified as the optimal cut-off value for distinguishing FMCs with a high Ki-67 index (≥ 14%) from those with a low index (specificity: 80.0%; sensitivity: 94.1%; AUC = 0.906). In conclusion, our findings suggest that sPD-L2 is a potential biomarker for FMC, particularly in HER2-positive and TN subtypes.
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