ArticleBMC endocrine disorders2026
Determination of insulin therapy perceptions in patients with diabetes mellitus and prediabetes attending the diabetes outpatient clinic.
Article in BMC endocrine disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNegative perceptions of insulin therapy are common in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and may delay treatment. Insulin perception has been studied in type 2 diabetics but not type 1 or prediabetics. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in perceptions of insulin use between diabetes types.
methodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital between December 2023 and April 2024. Participants were adult diabetes outpatient clinic patients with T1DM, T2DM, or prediabetes. The validated Insulin Therapy Appraisal Scale (ITAS) quantified patients' insulin therapy perceptions. Patients who did not use insulin and were in the prediabetes category answered the questions based on their current knowledge about insulin treatment. Higher scores on the positive sub-dimension indicate more favorable perceptions of insulin therapy, whereas higher scores on the negative sub-dimension and total ITAS reflect more negative perceptions. p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
resultsA total of 160 adult patients were included in the study. Patients with T1DM demonstrated significantly higher ITAS positive sub-dimension scores and lower negative sub-dimension and total ITAS scores compared with patients with T2DM and prediabetes (p < 0.05). No significant differences in ITAS scores were observed between the T2DM and prediabetes groups. Correlation analyses showed that the ITAS positive sub-dimension score was inversely associated with age and C-peptide levels. In contrast, negative sub-dimension and total ITAS scores were positively correlated with age and C-peptide levels but negatively correlated with diabetes duration. Marital status, highest education level, and regular blood glucose monitoring were found to significantly influence insulin perception (p < 0.05). Female patients exhibited more positive perceptions, whereas insulin users, patients without diabetes-related complications, and those who exercised regularly demonstrated less negative attitudes toward insulin therapy.
conclusionPatients with T1DM have significantly more positive perceptions of insulin therapy compared with patients with T2DM and prediabetes. Identifying factors influencing insulin-related perceptions may help improve acceptance of insulin therapy and enhance treatment adherence in patients with diabetes. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: N/A.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.