ReviewFrontiers in cardiovascular medicine2026
Hypoxia-inducible factors link inflammation and lipid metabolism in atherosclerotic macrophages.
Review in Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Predictive Value of PreoperativeInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- The dual role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage polarization in rheumatoid arthritis and coronary heart disease and the intervention strategy of traditional Chinese medicine.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease driven by a complex interplay between immune cells, inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and hypoxia. Among immune cells, macrophages interact bidirectionally with these factors, undergoing phenotypic and functional changes in response to the microenvironment, which contribute to both the progression and resolution of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have elucidated these dynamic interactions among these factors; however, research remains focused on individual aspects, and a more integrated understanding has yet to be fully established. Therefore, this review aimed to emphasize the importance of complex interactions among hypoxia, inflammation, and lipid metabolism, suggesting that the crosstalk among these response pathways operates actively and dynamically rather than following a simple cause-and-effect pathway. Further, this review highlights recent advances in understanding the inflammatory functions of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and hypoxia-inducible factor-2α in macrophages under hypoxic stress. In addition, we explore the systemic implications of HIF signaling in lipid-regulating organs such as the liver, intestine, and adipose tissue, emphasizing the emerging paradigm that HIF-2α acts as a metabolic switch coordinating lipid accumulation and inflammation. Finally, we summarize therapeutic approaches targeting HIFs, including HIF stabilizers and HIF-2α-selective antagonists. Collectively, this review offers a comprehensive multi-organ perspective on the immune-metabolic roles of HIFs in atherosclerosis, providing valuable insights into future therapeutic interventions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.