SynthesisFrontiers in physiology2026
The effect of hypoxic interventions on swimming performance in competitive athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in physiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Live high, train smart: translating altitude physiology to best practice with mechanistic insights.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the effects of hypoxic interventions (HI) on swimming performance and physiological outcomes in competitive swimmers. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines and registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251170303). Methods: Seven databases were searched to identify controlled trials comparing hypoxic and normoxic training under identical conditions. Eleven studies (n = 182 swimmers) were included. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses were performed by event distance and simulated altitude. Results: HI produced a small but significant improvement in swimming performance (SMD = -0.34, 95% CI [-0.62, -0.06], p = 0.02) with low heterogeneity (I Conclusion: Hypoxic interventions yield meaningful yet modest enhancements in competitive swimming performance, likely through non-hematological adaptations such as improved muscle oxygen utilization and fatigue tolerance. Tailoring HI protocols to event-specific demands and sufficient hypoxic stimulus levels may optimize outcomes. Systematic Review Registration: Registered on PROSPERO (registration number: CRD420251170303).
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