ArticleCureus2026
Analysis of Galectin-3 in Differentiating Non-malignant and Malignant Nodular Thyroid Lesions.
Article in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction Accurate differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules is critical for appropriate management. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), although valuable, has limitations, especially in follicular-patterned neoplasms. Galectin-3, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, has been proposed as a diagnostic immunohistochemical marker. This study evaluates the utility of galectin-3 in distinguishing malignant from non-malignant nodular thyroid lesions. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted on 56 female patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Histopathological evaluation categorized cases into the benign (n=25), borderline (n=6), and malignant (n=25) groups. Immunohistochemical staining for galectin-3 was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections. Positivity was defined by cytoplasmic and/or nuclear staining. Results Galectin-3 expression was observed in 66.7% (14/21) of malignant lesions, predominantly in classic papillary thyroid carcinoma. None of the benign or borderline cases exhibited galectin-3 positivity. Notably, other papillary carcinoma variants were also negative. Statistical analysis showed a significant correlation between galectin-3 expression and malignancy (p < 0.001). Conclusion Galectin-3 is a highly specific immunohistochemical marker for malignant thyroid lesions, particularly classic papillary thyroid carcinoma. Its absence in benign and borderline lesions highlights its diagnostic value. Incorporating galectin-3 into routine histopathological evaluation can improve diagnostic accuracy, especially in indeterminate or follicular-patterned thyroid neoplasms.
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