ReviewCureus2026
Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Review in Cureus, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely prescribed for acid-related disorders, yet growing evidence suggests a potential association between long-term PPI use and chronic kidney disease (CKD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the risk of CKD, disease progression, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among PPI users compared with nonusers or histamine-2 receptor antagonist users. A comprehensive search identified observational studies assessing renal outcomes among adult PPI users. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria, representing diverse populations across Asia, Europe, and the United States. Data on CKD incidence, progression, ESRD, and additional adverse effects were extracted. Pooled effect estimates were calculated using random-effects models. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analyses, and publication bias were evaluated using I², leave-one-out testing, and funnel plots. Our review included 15 studies, with sample sizes ranging from 3,023 to 462,421 participants. Meta-analysis of six studies (n = 594,680) demonstrated a significantly increased risk of incident CKD among PPI users (RR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.20-2.34; p = 0.002; I² = 99%). Two studies (n = 171,583) assessing CKD progression showed a higher, but statistically nonsignificant, risk with PPI use (RR = 1.49, 95% CI: 0.84-2.65; p = 0.17; I² = 99.3%). Four studies (n = 149,702) examining ESRD found a modest yet significant increase in risk among PPI users (RR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.00-1.32; p = 0.04; I² = 69%). Additional adverse events, including hypomagnesemia and acute kidney injury, were more frequent in PPI users. Asymmetry in the funnel plot suggested publication bias. PPI use is associated with an increased risk of CKD occurrence and ESRD, with a possible but uncertain link to CKD progression. Clinicians should carefully consider long-term PPI therapy, ensure appropriate indications, and monitor renal function in chronic users.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.