Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41737639›Full record

ArticleBioactive materials2026

Skin-mimetic bilayer hydrogel normalizes diabetic wound healing by orchestrating inflammatory cell dynamics: An early intervention strategy.

Mingrui Cui, Hongtao He, Hanzhi Lu, Xuexia Yang, Shuo Chen, Xiaojun Zhou, Fulun Li, Chuanglong He, Guang Yang

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Bioactive materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Mingrui CuiState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Hongtao HeDepartment of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116027, China.
Hanzhi LuDepartment of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
Xuexia YangState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Shuo ChenState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Xiaojun ZhouState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Fulun LiDepartment of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China.
Chuanglong HeState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Guang YangState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Diabetic ulcers, characterized by persistent chronic inflammation and impaired healing, pose a significant clinical challenge. Inspired by the physiological healing process observed in healthy wounds, we develop an early intervention strategy by the spatiotemporal modulation of inflammatory cell dynamics to restore inflammation homeostasis in diabetic wounds. To achieve this, a skin-mimetic bilayer hydrogel that mimics the layered structure, composition, and pore size distribution of human skin is developed to allow for the sequential release of neuropeptide substance P and interleukin-10. Our findings demonstrate that this bilayer hydrogel achieves layer-specific pore size distributions and seamless interlayer integration through spontaneous dynamic crosslinking, along with clinically relevant multifunctionality. Notably, it enables rapid release of substance P from its loose bottom layer to enhance neutrophil recruitment within the first day and promote pro-inflammatory macrophage infiltration during the early inflammatory phase. Subsequently, the dense top layer enables delayed and sustained release of interleukin-10, which induces M2c macrophage polarization to facilitate inflammation resolution and support scarless wound closure. Overall, this study provides an effective early intervention strategy to reinstate the physiological healing process in diabetic wounds, thereby preventing chronic ulcer progression and non-healing outcomes.

Indexed as

Diabetic woundsDynamic crosslinkingInflammatory cellsSequential drug releaseSkin-mimetic bilayer hydrogel

Identifiers

PMID41737639
PMCPMC12926990

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.