Evidence mapPaperPMID 41741129Full record

ArticleBMJ mental health2026

Digital peer support interventions for people with mental health conditions in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sarah Croke, Natasha Tyler, Chloe-Nicole Low, Evgenia Gkintoni, Ioannis Angelakis, Ozlem Eylem-Van Bergeijk, Alexander Hodkinson, Brian Mcmillan, Maria Panagioti

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ mental health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Sarah CrokeNIHR School for Primary Care Research, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6743-4573
Natasha TylerNIHR School for Primary Care Research, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK natasha.tyler@manchester.ac.uk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8257-1090
Chloe-Nicole LowUniversity of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK.
Evgenia GkintoniUniversity General Hospital of Patras and Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
Ioannis AngelakisPrimary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1493-7043
Ozlem Eylem-Van BergeijkNIHR School for Primary Care Research, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Alexander HodkinsonNIHR School for Primary Care Research, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
Brian McmillanNIHR School for Primary Care Research, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-3877
Maria PanagiotiNIHR School for Primary Care Research, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

STUDY SELECTION AND ANALYSIS: We conducted a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of controlled interventional studies. Five databases (MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Embase, PsycINFO) were searched up to January 2025. Studies evaluated digital peer support via online platforms, mobile apps or digital communities for people aged ≥16 years with mental health conditions. Outcomes included clinical symptoms (depression, anxiety), functioning (quality of life, social functioning) and treatment engagement. Risk of bias was assessed using Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 for randomised controlled trials and ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies. Certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation).

findings29 studies including 5825 participants were included. Digital peer support was associated with small-to-moderate improvements in symptoms of depression (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.28; 95% CI -0.42 to -0.14) and anxiety (SMD -0.47; 95% CI -0.68 to -0.27). Functional outcomes improved modestly: social functioning (SMD 0.18; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.29), quality of life (SMD 0.14; 95% CI 0.02 to 0.26), patient activation (SMD 0.39; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.55) and personal recovery (SMD 0.23; 95% CI 0.11 to 0.35). No significant effects were observed for treatment engagement or satisfaction. Preliminary evidence suggested sustained benefits for depression, anxiety and social functioning. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Digital peer support offers modest improvements in symptoms and functioning for individuals with mental health conditions and may be considered as an adjunct to usual care to enhance engagement and provide accessible support between clinical contacts. Key priorities include establishing optimal intervention models, clarifying longer-term benefits, and ensuring these approaches can be delivered safely and sustainably within routine outpatient services. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42023445194.

Indexed as

Mental HealthMental Health ServicesPsychiatryPsychology

Identifiers

PMID41741129
PMCPMC12958987

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.