Bridging Gaps in Fungal Keratitis Management: Novel Diagnostics, Drug Delivery Systems, and Gene Therapies.

Globally, fungal keratitis has become a major health concern, particularly in tropical and humid regions. The disease burden is exacerbated because of the underlying complexity of fungal pathogens, delayed or insufficient diagnosis, and limitations in existing therapeutic strategies, often leading to progressive corneal damage and impaired vision. Additional challenges include insufficient therapy optimization and variable efficacy of topical and systemic antifungal treatments, which may be influenced by factors such as rapid ocular drug clearance, ineffective ocular penetration, and the increasing prevalence of antifungal resistance. Conventional diagnostic techniques, such as microscopy and culture, continue to serve as reference standards but have limitations due to comparatively modest sensitivity and the prolonged turnaround times. In comparison, recent advances in diagnostic techniques, including CRISPR-based assays, PCR, MALDI-ToF MS, and in vivo confocal microscopy, as well as the novel drug-delivery nanocarriers, have been reported to show noticeable improvements in diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, emerging DNA-based gene therapies and RNA-based therapeutics, along with advanced ocular drug carriers, have shown promising outcomes in preclinical research and early-phase clinical trials, suggesting potential advantages in enhanced tissue targeting and reduced therapeutic resistance. However, before widespread clinical acceptability, extensive clinical validation, long-term safety evaluations, and cost assessments are required, as existing findings are mainly limited to short-term and experimental research. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of fungal keratitis while underscoring the unmet diagnostic and therapeutic needs. It further explores the potential for developing translatable technologies aimed at predictive diagnosis and the effective management of this sight-threatening condition.