SynthesisFrontiers in aging neuroscience2026
Potential protein blood-based biomarkers for cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Frontiers in aging neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: Parkinson's disease (PD) patients frequently develop mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) and may progress to Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD). Despite progress in understanding PD pathophysiology, reliable blood-based biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of cognitive decline remain lacking. This study aims to systematically evaluate and compare blood-based protein biomarkers for cognitive impairment in PD through a network meta-analysis (NMA). Methods: A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library from database inception to January 23, 2025, to identify studies investigating blood protein biomarkers for cognitive impairment in PD patients. Studies comparing biomarker levels between PD patients with cognitive impairment (PD-CI) and those with normal cognition (PD-NC) were included. Two independent reviewers extracted data, and risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). A frequentist NMA was performed using Stata 15.0 with a random-effects model to estimate standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 47 studies were included, encompassing biomarkers from five functional categories: metabolic function, neuronal function, inflammatory and immune functions, blood and vascular functions, and others. Key findings demonstrated significant alterations in several biomarkers in PD-CI compared with PD-NC. Cystatin C (Cys C) levels were significantly elevated in PD-CI (SMD = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.32, 1.30). Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) levels were significantly reduced in PD-CI (SMD = -1.06, 95% CI: -1.71, -0.41). Neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels were significantly elevated in PD-CI (SMD = 0.72, 95% CI: 0.39, 1.05). Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly higher in PD-CI (SMD = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.92). Conclusion: This NMA identifies Cys C, GDNF, NfL, and IL-6 as promising blood-based biomarkers for detecting cognitive impairment in PD. These biomarkers reflect diverse pathological processes and hold potential for facilitating early diagnosis and monitoring, thereby improving patient management. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore their clinical utility. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42023488801, Identifier: CRD42023488801.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.