Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41744291›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2026

Development and validation of novel cognitive tests in Mandarin-speaking older Americans.

William T Hu, Michelle H Chen, Mei-Ling Li, Guibin Su, Oceanna Y Li, Mia Anthony, Ann-Marie Raphail, Karthik J Kota, Ashima Nayyar, Milota Kaluzova and 8 more

Erratum issuedAbstract readValidation Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

William T HuDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4862-6777
Michelle H ChenDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Mei-Ling LiDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Guibin SuDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Oceanna Y LiDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Mia AnthonyDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
Ann-Marie RaphailDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Karthik J KotaDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Ashima NayyarDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Milota KaluzovaDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Chun-Yuan ChangDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Hayley HorvathDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Mini JomartinDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Michelle MigutDepartment of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Brunswick, USA.
Steven Z ChaoDementia Clinical Unit, Palo Alto VA Medical Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Niyatee SamudraDepartments of Epidemiology and Population Health and of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Victor W HendersonDepartments of Epidemiology and Population Health and of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
F Vankee LinDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.

Funding

Stanford Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterAdmin Supp: Developing iPSC models for AD and PDP30AG066515 · NIA · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Lisa Goldman Rosas · 2020 to 2026
$29.0M
Resource Center for Alzheimer's and Dementia Research in Asian and Pacific AmericansP30AG083257 · NIA · RUTGERS BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES · PI William Tzu-lung Hu, DENA J SCHULMAN-GREEN · 2023 to 2026
$3.5M
Neurological and digital correlates of cognition in Older Mandarin-speaking AdultsRF1AG079521 · NIA · RUTGERS BIOMEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES · PI HU, WILLIAM TZU-LUNG, LIN, FENG VANKEE · 2023 to 2023
$2.2M
NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066515NIA NIH HHS P30AG066515NIA NIH HHS P30 AG083257NIA NIH HHS P30AG083257NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG079521NIA NIH HHS RF1AG079521Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionMandarin Chinese has the largest number of native speakers globally, yet few Mandarin cognitive tests have undergone rigorous validation in multicultural settings for Alzheimer's disease (AD) detection.

methodsWe adapted or developed Mandarin cognitive tests to assess memory, executive, and language functions (including new Chinese character, phoneme, and homophone fluency tasks) and then prospectively recruited 208 older adults at two US centers to determine the tests' reliability as well as convergent, construct, and concurrent validity.

resultsAll Mandarin cognitive measures had high test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.680to 0.849), and English letter-guided fluency best correlated with Chinese phoneme and homophone fluency. Factor analysis revealed six factors that underlie 16 cognitive measures, with at least one abnormal executive function or a story memory test associated with mild cognitive impairment and elevated plasma p-Tau DISCUSSION: Validated cognitive measures provide culturally and linguistically appropriate tools to detect early AD among older Chinese Americans.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseAsianNeuropsychological TestsAgedAged, 80 and overCognitive DysfunctionExecutive FunctionFemaleHumansLanguageMaleReproducibility of ResultsUnited StatesAlzheimer's diseasebilingualismdiagnosisearly detectionhealth disparityneuropsychologytau

Identifiers

PMID41744291
PMCPMC12937091

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.