Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41744716›Full record

ReviewBiosensors2026

Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensors: An Updated Perspective Focused on Genosensing, Multiplexing, and Commercial Potential.

Jefferson H S Carvalho, Marcus A S Catai, Lucas V Bertolim, Rafaela C Freitas, Jessica R Camargo, Laís C Brazaca, Bruno C Janegitz

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Biosensors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jefferson H S CarvalhoLaboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine and Nanostructured Materials (LSNano), Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-0210-4677
Marcus A S CataiSão Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0001-6034-2086
Lucas V BertolimLaboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine and Nanostructured Materials (LSNano), Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0009-0008-5147-9353
Rafaela C FreitasLaboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine and Nanostructured Materials (LSNano), Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil.
Jessica R CamargoLaboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine and Nanostructured Materials (LSNano), Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil.
Laís C BrazacaSão Carlos Institute of Chemistry (IQSC), University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0002-0456-7552
Bruno C JanegitzLaboratory of Sensors, Nanomedicine and Nanostructured Materials (LSNano), Federal University of São Carlos, Araras 13600-970, SP, Brazil.ORCID 0000-0001-9707-9795

Funding

Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior 88887.953443/2024-00; 001Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo 2020/11336-3; 2024/07469-9; 2023/06793-4,;2023/10141-2National Council for Scientific and Technological Development 405924/2022-4; 301796/2022-0; 401977/2023-4
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The increasing impact of infectious, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases has intensified the demand for early and decentralized diagnostics. Label-free electrochemical biosensors are promising candidates, offering high sensitivity, low reagent consumption and miniaturizable, low-cost architectures for point-of-care (PoC) testing. This review summarizes advances in immobilization strategies, recognition elements such as DNA, antibodies, aptamers, and molecularly imprinted polymers, as well as electrode platforms including glassy carbon, screen-printed, and 3D-printed systems, with an emphasis on DNA biosensors, multiplexed configurations, and applications to disease biomarkers. Beyond analytical performance, we critically examine the barriers that keep most devices at the proof-of-concept stage, including bioreceptor stability and immobilization, limited validation in real samples, reliance on conventional materials, challenges in scalable manufacturing, transport, and storage, and the absence of fully integrated PoC systems. Finally, we discuss significant advances in sensitivity, reproducibility, and application to real samples, but note that translation to real-world use and commercialization remains limited.

Indexed as

Biosensing TechniquesElectrochemical TechniquesDNAElectrodesHumansPoint-of-Care SystemsDNAcommercial label-freeDNA genosensorlabel-free detectionmultiplex assayspoint-of-care biosensor

Identifiers

PMID41744716
PMCPMC12938614

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.