ArticleGels (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Exploring the Potential of Transdermal Nanobilosomal Gel for Magnified Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy of Thymol for Managing Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Article in Gels (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Chitosan-Based Active Films Enriched with Thyme Essential Oil for Extending the Shelf Life of Refrigerated Chicken Meat.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Leciplex Nanocarriers: An Optimized Platform for Thymol Delivery in Acne Management.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This research aims to develop a chitosan-coated, TH-loaded nanobilosomal gel (CH-TH-BG) to magnify the transdermal delivery and anti-inflammatory efficacy of thymol (TH) for the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Initially, chitosan-coated, TH-loaded bilosomes (CH-TH-BLs) were prepared and optimized by Box-Behnken design. The optimized CH-TH-BLs exhibited enhanced entrapment efficiency (83.52%) and a positive zeta potential (+36.3 mV). Further, the optimized lyophilized CH-TH-BLs were incorporated into the carbopol gel (CH-TH-BG) and characterized thoroughly. The CH-TH-BG exhibited superior pharmaceutical properties, including high drug content (98.65 ± 1.43%), optimal viscosity (10,400 ± 12.6 cps), excellent spreadability (5.33 ± 0.15 cm), extrudability, and a slightly acidic pH (5.40 ± 0.10), which resembles the pH of human skin. In vitro drug release revealed that the developed gel exhibited a biphasic release pattern, with a rapid release followed by sustained release. Notably, ex vivo results revealed a ~2.0-fold increase in permeation flux and a ~2.8-fold increase in skin retention compared to the TH solution. In vivo results confirmed a significant reduction in paw edema and pro-inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α and IL-6), alongside recovery of body weight and ankle joints. In conclusion, the CH-TH-BG is a transformative transdermal platform for effective management of RA.
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Registered trials
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