Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41746501›Full record

ArticleActa neurologica Belgica2026

The effect of botulinum neurotoxin injection on non-motor symptoms of cervical dystonia: A prospective cohort.

Shimelis Girma Kassaye, Femke Dijkstra, Jana Maes, Kaat Paredis, Cécile Taelman, Esayas Kebede Gudina, Willem De Hertogh, Joke De Pauw, David Crosiers

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Article in Acta neurologica Belgica, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Shimelis Girma KassayeInstitute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Femke DijkstraDepartment of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.
Jana MaesTranslational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Kaat ParedisTranslational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Cécile TaelmanTranslational Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Esayas Kebede GudinaInstitute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.
Willem De HertoghDepartment of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Joke De PauwDepartment of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
David CrosiersDepartment of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy/Movant, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. David.Crosiers@uza.be.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEvidence on the effect of intramuscular injections of botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) treatment on non-motor symptoms (NMS) and quality of life (QoL) in Cervical Dystonia (CD) remains scarce and inconsistent.

objectiveTo determine the effect of intramuscular BoNT injections on NMS and QoL.

methodsA prospective cohort study was conducted with adult CD patients attending treatment at Antwerp University Hospital, Belgium (UZA) and a specialized private physiotherapy practice. Depression and anxiety were measured using the Beck Depression inventory (BDI-II) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI-II), respectively. Sleep quality was measured using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). QoL was measured using EuroQol-5 dimensions (EQ-5D). Paired T-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test was used for baseline and post treatment comparison.

resultsA total of 29 CD patients were included. The mean age was 61.6 ± 9.25 years. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) score of the global PSQI score decreased from 10.1 ± 4.6 at baseline to 7.41 ± 4.7 post treatment. The mean (SD) BAI-II score decreased slightly from 13.5 ± 9.43 at baseline to 12.52 ± 10.2 post treatment. The median (IQR) of BDI-II score changed from 7 (5-19) to 8 (2.5-20). There was significant improvement of PSQI following BoNT treatment (MD = 2.65, P < 0.001).

conclusionsBoNT injection significantly improved sleep quality. However, no statistical difference was observed in depressive and anxiety symptoms. The persistence of psychiatric symptoms highlights the necessity of complementary therapy. Furthermore, additional controlled studies with larger samples are warranted to characterize the effect of BoNT on NMS.

Indexed as

Botulinum ToxinsBotulinum Toxins, Type ANeuromuscular AgentsTorticollisAgedAnxietyCohort StudiesDepressionFemaleHumansInjections, IntramuscularMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesQuality of LifeSleep QualityBotulinum ToxinsBotulinum Toxins, Type ANeuromuscular AgentsBotulinum neurotoxinCervical DystoniaNMSNon-motor symptomsPsychiatry symptoms

Identifiers

PMID41746501

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.