ArticlePloS one2026
Designing a novel vaccine against COVID-19 based on spike SARS-Cov-2 notable mutations using immunoinformatics approaches.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Multi-epitope vaccine targeting SARS-CoV-2 omicron S and N proteins promotes enhanced immunity: a computational approach.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with spike protein mutations undermines the effectiveness of current vaccines, necessitating innovative strategies to ensure broad and lasting immunity. This study leverages an immunoinformatics approach to design two multi-epitope vaccine constructs Cov19-B (649 amino acids, 74 kDa) and Cov19-T (465 amino acids, 48 kDa) specifically targeting mutations in the spike protein observed in the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Omicron variants. Using sequence data retrieved from NCBI, GISAID, and UniProt, we predicted a range of epitopes, including linear B-cell, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), helper T lymphocyte (HTL), and IFN-gamma-inducing epitopes, selected for their high antigenicity, solubility, non-allergenicity, and non-toxicity. These epitopes provide extensive global population coverage: 76.83% for MHC I, 87.43% for MHC II, and 93.8% for combined epitopes. The constructs were enhanced with adjuvants-Human Beta-defensin 3, PADRE, and 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12-and connected with AAY, GPGPG, EAAAK, and KK linkers to optimize structural stability and immune activation. Codon-optimized has done using GenSmart™, and structurally stabilized via disulfide engineering (Disulfide by Design 2). Computational analyses, including molecular docking and dynamics simulations (assessing RMSD, RMSF, gyration, and MMPBSA), validated stable binding interactions with human neutralizing antibodies. Immune response simulations conducted via C-IMMSIM further confirmed the constructs' capacity to trigger robust humoral and cellular immunity. To enable practical application, codon optimization was performed for efficient expression in prokaryotic systems. This study highlights the vital role of continuous genomic surveillance in tracking SARS-CoV-2 evolution and informs the development of next-generation vaccines. However, the study is limited to computational predictions, requiring experimental validation to confirm efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.