ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2026
Cancer Incidence Among Users of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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9 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are novel antidiabetic agents that may influence cancer risk. While some studies suggest protective effects, others raise concerns about potential oncogenic associations.
objectiveTo investigate the risk of common cancers with GLP-1RA initiation.
designRetrospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS AND MAIN MEASURES: Patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2013-2021 were identified using IBM-MarketScan database and were categorized into exposure (i.e., GLP-1RA) and comparison (i.e., insulin) groups. Overlap Propensity Score Weighting (OPSW), followed by Cox proportional hazards models, was used to assess cancer risk. KEY
resultsAmong 106,088 patients, most were male (n = 44,059, 51.3%), and the mean age was 51 (SD: ± 9.8) years; 50.8% (n = 53,924) of patients had GLP-1RA initiation. Overall, 1.9% (n = 1,594) of the individuals developed cancer (thyroid: n = 110, 0.1%; lung: n = 127, 0.1%; breast: n = 369, 0.4%; esophagus: n = 20, 0.02%; gastric: n = 34, 0.03%; liver: n = 116, 0.1%; biliary: n = 20, 0.02%; pancreatic: n = 87, 0.1%; small intestine: n = 23, 0.02%; renal: n = 128, 0.1%; bladder: n = 66, 0.1%; colorectal: n = 175, 0.2%; prostate: n = 322, 0.4%; ovarian: n = 51, 0.1%; endometrial: n = 130, 0.2%; neuroendocrine: n = 60, 0.1%). Compared to insulin, GLP-1RA medications were associated with a significantly lower risk of liver cancer (HR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.27-0.82) and pancreatic cancer (HR: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.11-0.51). Risk of all other cancers remained comparable between the two groups (all p > 0.05).
conclusionsGLP-1RA use was associated with a lower incidence of liver and pancreatic cancer, with no increased risk observed for other major cancers. As these medications become more widely used, further research is warranted to better define their long-term cancer-related safety profile.
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