Evidence mapPaperPMID 41749663Full record

ArticleChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Associations Between Body Mass Index, Movement Behaviors, Motor Skills, Inhibition and Visuospatial Working Memory in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study Based on WHO References.

Mohamed Amine Ltifi, Kacem Nejah, Fadhel Hammami, Monica Delia Bîcă, Anna Zwierzchowska, Michal Wilk, Dan Iulian Alexe, Mohamed-Souhaiel Chelly

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mohamed Amine LtifiHigher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2112, Tunisia.ORCID 0000-0003-1784-6961
Kacem NejahLR15JS01 EM2S, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia.
Fadhel HammamiResearch Laboratory (LR23JS01) "Sport Performance, Health & Society", Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia.
Monica Delia BîcăFaculty of Medical and Behavioral Sciences, "Constantin Brâncuși" University of Târgu-Jiu, 210185 Târgu Jiu, Romania.ORCID 0000-0002-7767-4762
Anna ZwierzchowskaDepartment of Physical Education and Adapted Physical Activity, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-959 Katowice, Poland.ORCID 0000-0002-4284-8697
Michal WilkInstitute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland.ORCID 0000-0001-5799-6337
Dan Iulian AlexeDepartment of Physical and Occupational Therapy, "Vasile Alecsandri" University of Bacău, 600115 Bacău, Romania.ORCID 0000-0002-6396-761X
Mohamed-Souhaiel ChellyResearch Laboratory (LR23JS01) "Sport Performance, Health & Society", Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Tunis 2010, Tunisia.ORCID 0000-0002-0713-1308

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundEarly childhood represents a key stage for the development of movement behaviors (MB), motor skills (MS), and executive functions (EF). Body Mass Index (BMI), defined according to World Health Organization (WHO) references, may influence these domains early in life. In this context, this cross-sectional observational study aimed to examine the associations between BMI and 24-h MB, MS, and EF in Tunisian preschool children aged 4 to 5 years.

methodsThis cross-sectional observational study included 112 Tunisian children aged 4 to 5 years (50 boys, 62 girls), recruited from kindergartens in urban and rural areas. Anthropometric measurements were used to calculate age-specific BMI z-scores and classify children into three BMI categories: below normal, normal, and above normal. Twenty-four-hour MB physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), and sleep were objectively assessed using accelerometry over five consecutive days. EF (inhibition and working memory) were assessed using standardized cognitive tests, gross MS were evaluated using the Supine Timed Up and Go test (functional mobility), One-Leg Standing Balance test (postural steadiness), Hand Grip Dynamometer (upper body strength), and Standing Long Jump (lower body strength), and fine MS were assessed using the 9-Hole Pegboard Test (dexterity). All tools are validated and standardized for children.

resultsSignificant differences between BMI categories were observed for anthropometric variables (

conclusionsIn Tunisian preschool children, weight status is primarily associated with differences in physical growth, with no marked relationship to MB, EF, or MS. These findings highlight the importance of universal preventive interventions, particularly focusing on growth monitoring, starting in early childhood. These results should be interpreted with caution and highlight the need for further studies on larger populations to better understand the relationships between BMI, PA, and development in young children.

Indexed as

24-h movement behaviorsanthropometric characteristicsbody mass index (BMI)child developmentexecutive functionsmotor skillspreschool children

Identifiers

PMID41749663
PMCPMC12939077

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.