Evidence mapPaperPMID 41749685Full record

ReviewBioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)2026

Transformer Models, Graph Networks, and Generative AI in Gut Microbiome Research: A Narrative Review.

Yan Zhu, Yiteng Tang, Xin Qi, Xiong Zhu

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Yan ZhuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.ORCID 0009-0009-0761-5001
Yiteng TangNanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA.
Xin QiNeurosurgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
Xiong ZhuDepartment of Prenatal Diagnosis, Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.ORCID 0009-0000-1974-1747

Funding

Open Project of the Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Clinical Immunology and Translational Medicine Grant No. LCMYZHYX-KFKT202303Scientific Research Foundation of Chengdu Women's and Children's Central Hospital Grant No. 2022JC03
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe rapid advancement in artificial intelligence (AI) has fundamentally reshaped gut microbiome research by enabling high-resolution analysis of complex, high-dimensional microbial communities and their functional interactions with the human host.

objectiveThis narrative review aims to synthesize recent methodological advances in AI-driven gut microbiome research and to evaluate their translational relevance for therapeutic optimization, personalized nutrition, and precision medicine.

methodsA narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and IEEE Xplore, focusing on peer-reviewed studies published between approximately 2015 and early 2025. Representative articles were selected based on relevance to AI methodologies applied to gut microbiome analysis, including machine learning, deep learning, transformer-based models, graph neural networks, generative AI, and multi-omics integration frameworks. Additional seminal studies were identified through manual screening of reference lists.

resultsThe reviewed literature demonstrates that AI enables robust identification of diagnostic microbial signatures, prediction of individual responses to microbiome-targeted therapies, and design of personalized nutritional and pharmacological interventions using in silico simulations and digital twin models. AI-driven multi-omics integration-encompassing metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, and clinical data-has improved functional interpretation of host-microbiome interactions and enhanced predictive performance across diverse disease contexts. For example, AI-guided personalized nutrition models have achieved AUC exceeding 0.8 for predicting postprandial glycemic responses, while community-scale metabolic modeling frameworks have accurately forecast individualized short-chain fatty acid production.

conclusionsDespite substantial progress, key challenges remain, including data heterogeneity, limited model interpretability, population bias, and barriers to clinical deployment. Future research should prioritize standardized data pipelines, explainable and privacy-preserving AI frameworks, and broader population representation. Collectively, these advances position AI as a cornerstone technology for translating gut microbiome data into actionable insights for diagnostics, therapeutics, and precision nutrition.

Indexed as

artificial intelligencegut microbiomemachine learningmetagenomicsmulti-modal AImulti-omics integrationpersonalized medicinetransformer models

Identifiers

PMID41749685
PMCPMC12938703

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.