Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41750157›Full record

ArticleBrain sciences2026

Exploratory EEG-TMS Study Reveals Altered Behavioral Function in Individuals Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

Haley R Huntington, Christine E Phelps, Tim Lehmann, Daniel Büchel, Anika Khurana, Louis Y Wang, Anisha A Patel, Caitlyn E Olshausen, Lana J Kayali, Tina Boluordi and 2 more

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Article in Brain sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Haley R HuntingtonCollege of Science & Health, Charles R. Drew University, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.
Christine E PhelpsDepartment of Health & Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.
Tim LehmannExercise Science & Neuroscience, Department Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-3444-0445
Daniel BüchelExercise Science & Neuroscience, Department Exercise & Health, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1451-5393
Anika KhuranaDepartment of Health & Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.
Louis Y WangDepartment of Health & Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.
Anisha A PatelDepartment of Health & Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.
Caitlyn E OlshausenDepartment of Health & Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.
Lana J KayaliDepartment of Health & Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.
Tina BoluordiDepartment of Health & Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.
Maelani NguyenDepartment of Health & Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.
Yong Woo AnDepartment of Health & Human Sciences, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7520-3644

Funding

Loyola Marymount University SOAR Grant
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundFollowing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), ACLR patients often experience quadriceps dysfunction, potentially linked to increased corticospinal excitability. However, the role of motor cortex neuroadaptations in persistent quadriceps strength deficits remains unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to investigate neural behavior during a force reproduction task using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in ACLR participants compared to healthy controls (CONT).

methodsElectrocortical activation of 16 ACLR (10F and 6M, 20.0 ± 1.2 years, 171.9 ± 7.2 cm, 75.8 ± 17.1 kg) and 16 CONT (10F and 6M, 20.6 ± 1.4 yrs, 168.0 ± 9.9 cm, 66.3 ± 11.0 kg) was measured using a 64-channel EEG system during an isometric force reproduction task. Sixty TMS pulses (≥120% active motor threshold) were delivered to the primary motor cortex while participants maintained 10% of quadriceps maximal voluntary isometric contraction (QMVIC10%). Motor-evoked torque (METnorm, %), normalized to 100% TMS intensity, was measured to assess neuroadaptation in the corticospinal tract. EEG data was processed to compute N100 (80-200 ms) and P200 (160-300 ms) TMS-evoked event-related potentials (TEPs, µV) at three regions of interest (ROI): the motor (ROI1), parietal (ROI2), and frontal (ROI3) cortices. MET and TEP comparisons were conducted using independent and unpaired two-sample permutation-based

resultsThe ACLR group exhibited a significantly greater MET than CONT. Although exploratory, differences were found in P200 TEP at ROI1 with lower power in ACLR than CONT.

conclusionsLower TEP amplitude at ROI1 implies neural inhibition in the motor cortex, while heightened MET in ACLR suggests greater corticospinal excitability. Neural adaptations in the corticospinal tract in ACLR patients may contribute to excessive quadriceps activation in response to unanticipated stimuli, potentially increasing the risk of re-injury.

Indexed as

ACL injuryACL reconstructive surgerycorticospinal excitabilityneuroadaptationTMS

Identifiers

PMID41750157
PMCPMC12938845

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.