Evidence mapPaperPMID 41751199Full record

ReviewBiomedicines2026

The Role of Biomarkers in Personalized Anesthesia: From Physiological Parameters to Molecular Diagnostics.

Irina Nenadic, Predrag Stevanovic, Marina Bobos, Maja Stojanovic, Nemanja Dimic, Suzana Bojic, Dragica Dekic, Jovana Radovanovic, Marko Djuric

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Biomedicines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Irina NenadicClinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinical Hospital Center "Dr Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.ORCID 0000-0001-7852-9949
Predrag StevanovicClinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinical Hospital Center "Dr Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.ORCID 0000-0002-6321-7376
Marina BobosClinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinical Hospital Center "Dr Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.ORCID 0000-0002-3062-2770
Maja StojanovicDepartment of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.ORCID 0000-0001-8595-0854
Nemanja DimicClinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinical Hospital Center "Dr Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.ORCID 0000-0003-2605-1562
Suzana BojicClinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinical Hospital Center "Dr Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.ORCID 0000-0003-2938-9585
Dragica DekicThe Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases "Dedinje", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.ORCID 0009-0001-6172-0226
Jovana RadovanovicDepartment of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.
Marko DjuricClinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Clinical Hospital Center "Dr Dragisa Misovic-Dedinje", 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.ORCID 0000-0002-8432-9887

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Personalized anesthesia has emerged as a key direction in modern perioperative medicine, driven by advances in molecular biology, analytical technologies, and digital monitoring. Traditional physiological parameters often fail to detect early stages of organ dysfunction, whereas molecular biomarkers provide earlier and more sensitive insight into inflammation, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity, and renal or hepatic injury. Inflammatory markers such as IL-6, CRP, and PCT indicate early immune activation, while oxidative stress biomarkers, including 8-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde, quantify metabolic imbalance and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurotoxicity biomarkers such as S100β, NSE, and GFAP allow early detection of subclinical cerebral injury, whereas kynurenine-pathway metabolites reflect neuroinflammation and the risk of postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Renal biomarkers such as NGAL, KIM-1, and cystatin C detect acute kidney injury significantly earlier than creatinine, and miR-122 holds strong potential as an early marker of hepatocellular injury. Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers-including polymorphisms in CYP2D6, CYP3A4/5, RYR1, OPRM1, and COMT, as well as microRNA-based signatures-enable individualized drug dosing and optimization of anesthetic strategies. Meanwhile, digital biomarkers such as EEG-derived indices, HRV, and NIRS provide continuous real-time physiological monitoring and can integrate with AI-based algorithms for predictive, adaptive anesthesia management. Although no single biomarker meets all criteria for an ideal clinical indicator, combining molecular, genetic, and digital biomarkers represents the most promising pathway toward fully personalized, safe, and outcome-optimized perioperative care.

Indexed as

acute kidney injurybiomarkersdigital biomarkersinflammationmicroRNAsneurotoxicityoxidative stressperioperative monitoringpersonalized anesthesiapharmacogenomics

Identifiers

PMID41751199
PMCPMC12938781

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.