Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41751944›Full record

ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026

Schizophrenia as a Disorder of Biological Barriers: A Narrative Review and Potential Interventions.

Adonis Sfera, Nyla Jafri, Jacob Anton, Dragos Turturica, Edelina Turturica, Bernardo Bozza, Ioana Ciuperca

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Adonis SferaDepartment of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Patton State Hospital, Patton, CA 92369, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-2406-715X
Nyla JafriSan Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas 00727, Puerto Rico.ORCID 0000-0003-3549-826X
Jacob AntonDepartment of Biological Sciences, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 92504, USA.ORCID 0009-0009-5870-563X
Dragos TurturicaDepartment of Psychiatry, College Hospital, Long Beach, CA 90813, USA.
Edelina TurturicaDepartment of Psychiatry, Loma Linda University, Patton State Hospital, Patton, CA 92369, USA.
Bernardo BozzaDepartment of Psychiatry, Sapienza University, 00185 Rome, Italy.ORCID 0000-0003-1804-6210
Ioana CiupercaDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Severe mental illnesses, including schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like disorders, have been associated with premature neuronal and glial senescence, microglial activation, and gray matter volume reduction. These changes may drive clinical symptoms of schizophrenia, including cognitive impairment. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, abundantly expressed in the intestinal and blood-brain barrier, is the master regulator of both tight junctions and cellular senescence. Under pathological circumstances, this receptor may promote premature gut aging, enabling the translocation of bacteria or their components from the gastrointestinal tract into systemic circulation and from there into the central nervous system. In this review article, we discuss a potential mechanism of schizophrenia-microorganismal migration, microglial activation, and gray matter volume reduction. We also focus on potential interventions for maintaining barrier function. These approaches include natural and synthetic modulators of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor as well as biophysical strategies to preserve barrier integrity and prevent central nervous system pathology.

Indexed as

Blood-Brain BarrierSchizophreniaAnimalsCellular SenescenceGray MatterHumansMicrogliaReceptors, Aryl HydrocarbonReceptors, Aryl Hydrocarbonaryl hydrocarbon receptorcellular senescencegray matter volumeschizophrenia

Identifiers

PMID41751944
PMCPMC12940251

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.