Horizontal Dispersal Limitation and Vertical Environmental Filtering Drive Ciliate Community Assembly in a Tibetan Plateau Deep Lake.

The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, known as the "Asian Water Tower", hosts numerous lakes that are highly sensitive to climate change. Ciliates, key microbial eukaryotes in aquatic ecosystems, play crucial roles in biogeochemical cycling and food web dynamics. However, their community assembly mechanisms in such extreme habitats remain poorly understood. In July 2020, we investigated the ciliate community in Basomtso Lake. A total of 15 sampling sites were established along the horizontal gradient, and 11 vertical depth samples were collected at a central site (B15), resulting in 75 water samples for eDNA analysis. Using 18S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing, we identified 610 ciliate amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), with the class Spirotrichea being the dominant taxonomic group. Distance-decay relationships indicated a significantly stronger community turnover rate along the vertical gradient compared to the horizontal gradient. Analyses using the neutral community model and null model revealed that community assembly was primarily stochastic. However, increasing vertical environmental heterogeneity enhanced the role of deterministic, niche-based selection. Random forest modeling identified resistivity (RES) and water temperature (WT) as the key predictors for horizontal and vertical community variation, respectively. Furthermore, Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN) detected specific taxa exhibiting pronounced sensitivity to gradients in RES and WT. Our findings demonstrate that horizontal community structure is governed primarily by dispersal limitation, whereas vertical zonation is shaped by environmental filtering driven primarily by RES and WT gradients under extreme plateau conditions. This study provides new insights into the mechanisms sustaining microbial diversity and ecosystem resilience in climatically vulnerable high-altitude lakes.