ArticlePathogens (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Distinct Cytokine Landscapes Induced by Influenza a Virus, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 in Older Adults (65+) Using an Ex Vivo Whole Blood Stimulation Model.
Article in Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Exaggerated immune responses to respiratory viruses may contribute to increased morbidity in older adults. To investigate virus-specific immune activation in this population, we developed an ex vivo whole blood stimulation model using samples from 30 healthy individuals aged ≥65 years. Whole blood was stimulated with UV-inactivated influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2, and the expression of 22 immune-related genes was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR array. All three viruses elicited responses with marked variability across individuals, as well as differences in the magnitude and distribution of cytokine expression across stimuli. RSV stimulation was associated with relatively higher expression of inflammatory mediators, while IAV and SARS-CoV-2 induced greater expression of Type I interferon. SARS-CoV-2 also led to an increased expression of regulatory cytokines. Although individual responses varied, correlation analysis indicated coordinated gene expression within functional categories, and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) showed distinct grouping of cytokine responses by virus and function. These findings describe differential immune mRNA expression profiles in response to viral stimuli in older adults and may support future studies aimed at understanding age-related differences in host-virus interactions.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.