Artificial intelligence for personalized multiple micronutrient supplementation in maternal health.

Maternal undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies remain pervasive, contributing to adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term health risks for mothers and offspring. Multiple micronutrient supplementation (MMS) during pregnancy has demonstrated benefits, including reduced risks of low birth weight, small-for-gestational-age births, and neonatal mortality, when compared with standard iron-folic acid supplementation. Current MMS strategies, however, often follow a standard MMS, overlooking variations in nutritional status, health profiles, and context. Advances in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly deep learning and natural language processing, provide opportunities to strengthen maternal nutrition programs by integrating diverse data sources. Rather than promising fully individualized recommendations, AI could help stratify women by risk of insufficiencies or deficiencies, highlight groups most likely to benefit from additional support, and inform the design of more responsive supplementation strategies during preconception and pregnancy. We outline a conceptual model in which multimodal health data-including electronic health records (EHRs), wearable sensor outputs, nutrition and fertility app logs, genomic markers, and sociodemographic information-are aggregated and analyzed by AI systems to inform personalized MMS plans. The framework introduces the concept of a "nutritional digital twin," a virtual profile of the patient's nutritional and metabolic state. This digital twin can simulate micronutrient needs and predict maternal-fetal outcomes under different supplementation scenarios, enabling clinicians to test scenario-based options (e.g. standard MMS ± targeted add-ons) for individuals. We describe how deep learning models can identify complex patterns (e.g. diet-genome interactions or behavioral trends) while natural language processing (NLP) algorithms extract clinically relevant insights from unstructured data (such as medical notes or patient queries). In addition, we discuss the role of digital maternal health tools, such as mobile apps and wearable trackers, in supplying real-time data to the AI models and in engaging women to improve adherence to supplementation regimens. Harnessing AI for MMS could transform maternal nutrition care in both high- and low-resource settings. In high-income contexts, rich data (comprehensive EHRs, genetic tests, continuous monitoring devices) could feed advanced predictive models to support risk-stratified care with protocolized supplementation options, under clinical oversight. In low- and middle-income countries, where maternal undernutrition and micronutrient gaps are most prevalent, AI-driven approaches can help stratify risk groups and optimize limited resources. Ubiquitous mobile phone access and digital health tools in many such settings provide avenues for data collection and intervention delivery. We highlight examples where machine learning on population data revealed "hidden hunger" patterns and key predictors of low supplement uptake (e.g. low education, minimal antenatal visits)-insights that policymakers can use to target nutrition programs. A nutritional digital twin could further allow scenario-testing (e.g. predicting the impact of adding a vitamin D supplement for a specific patient) before clinical decisions are made. To realize this vision, the key concerns are ethics, credibility, and fairness. Ethical frameworks must guide development so that sensitive reproductive health data are protected and clinician oversight remains central. The credibility of AI-generated recommendations depends on transparency about the assumptions used to translate nutritional and health data into supplement type and dose, and on prospective validation against maternal and neonatal outcomes. This requires a continuous feedback loop in which recommendations are tested in real-world settings and recalibrated using outcomes data, ensuring that the system learns from observed benefits and harms, rather than relying solely on theoretical modeling. Fairness demands that training data sets represent diverse populations and that solutions are tailored to local contexts to reduce bias and avoid widening disparities. Critically, the approach must be fed by data streams that extend beyond initial demographics and clinical baselines to include biomarkers, adherence patterns, and pregnancy outcomes, so that the models can be refined and dosing rules adjusted over time. If these safeguards are embedded, AI-enhanced personalized MMS can move beyond proof of concept towards a credible, equitable, and empirically grounded contribution to global maternal health. AI-driven personalized nutrition support represents a frontier in obstetric care. By combining clinical knowledge with data-driven intelligence, we can move beyond generalized prenatal supplements towards precision maternal nutrition. The integration of deep learning models and digital health innovations into antenatal care pathways has the potential to better nourish pregnancies, save lives, and ensure healthier futures for mothers and children worldwide.