ReviewFrontiers in pharmacology2026
Advances in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling for anesthesia, 1987-2024: a review.
Review in Frontiers in pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In the field of individualized anesthesia, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models are crucial as they assist in determining the appropriate dosage for various patient groups. This research reviews the development of primary PKPD anesthetic models proposed in the literature from 1987 to 2024. The results from 33 studies are combined, offering a range of concepts from the earliest contributions, such as the "pharmacokinetic mass" concept of Shibutani et al. for fentanyl in obese patients, to the most recent developments in multi-input control strategies for managing anesthesia depth with propofol and remifentanil. Recent advancements are also discussed, including the propofol model proposed by Braathen et al. for severe obesity, which employs innovative scaling techniques to enhance dose accuracy. This study examines physiologically based modeling approaches, reviews traditional compartmental models, and highlights the use of nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. The review concludes by outlining future research aimed at creating more individualized, closed-loop anesthetic delivery systems, emphasizing significant developments in PKPD modeling and identifying limitations in the existing techniques.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.