ReviewInternational journal of nanomedicine2026
Red Blood Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Gene and RNA Therapeutics: Biological, Engineering, and Translational Challenges.
Review in International journal of nanomedicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Immune cell-derived membrane nanovesicles: A promethean fire for autoimmune disease therapy through immune cell mimicry.Bioactive materials · 2026Review
- Extracellular vesicles for next-gen therapeutics and drug delivery.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Erythrocyte-inspired biomaterials for cancer immunotherapy: Integration within the cancer-immunity cycle.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Gene therapy has great prospects of DNA/RNA manipulations and protein modulations. Its use in clinic is, however, stifled by risks of immunogenicity, low target specificity, and adverse effects. The red blood cell (RBC-EVs) extracellular vesicles can serve as a solution to this issue since they are biocompatible, long-term stable, and with low immunogenicity. RBC-EVs permit the accurate delivery of therapeutic cargo to space and time, thus minimizing systemic toxicity. This review presents the most recent developments on the expansion of the use of RBC-EVs to encapsulate the components of mRNA and CRISPR-Cas. Through the addition of the means to address these deficiencies, including stimulus-sensitive release mechanisms (eg, pH- or light-activated systems) and tissue-selective targeting approaches, RBC-EVs can be applied to enable the precise application in genetic diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Such innovations have the potential to overcome the clinical need and enable the biological complexity of mRNA- and CRISPR-Cas-based agents to provide a powerful delivery platform. Moreover, the review also demonstrates the unprecedented benefits of red blood cell EVs, which include immune evasion, scalability, and universal loading capacity, which can establish them as the next-generation delivery vehicles. Red blood cell EVs have the potential to increase the efficacy of precision medicine by increasing its feasibility. Lastly, we note the potential and translational issues in the provision of red blood cell EV-based mRNA and CRISPR-Cas therapeutic delivery of gene therapy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.