Evidence mapPaperPMID 41758417Full record

ArticleWorld journal of urology2026

Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and prostate cancer risk: UK Biobank evidence.

R Alexa, J Kranz, M Thöne, S Grundl, M Hoffmann, P H Koop, C Feng, K M Schneider, C Schneider, M Saar

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In one paragraph

Article in World journal of urology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

R AlexaDepartment of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. ralexa@ukaachen.de.
J KranzDepartment of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
M ThöneDepartment of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
S GrundlDepartment of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
M HoffmannDepartment of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
P H KoopMedical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic diseases and Intensive Care, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
C FengDepartment of General, Visceral, Pediatric and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
K M SchneiderMedical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic diseases and Intensive Care, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
C SchneiderMedical Clinic III, Gastroenterology, Metabolic diseases and Intensive Care, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
M SaarDepartment of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeHepatic lipid metabolism has been implicated in cancer development, with cholesterol dysregulation linked to tumor initiation and progression. We examined the association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels and prostate cancer (PCa) risk in the UK Biobank cohort.

methodsThis multicenter, community-based cohort study, conducted from March 2006 to December 2010, included 502,511 participants from the UK Biobank. Morbidity and mortality were analyzed in August 2023. Hazard ratios (HRs) for PCa related to hepatic blood value changes were calculated, adjusting for key variables.

resultsWe extracted 204,403 healthy men and 13,205 PCa patients, subdivided into 3751 with PCa at inclusion and 9454 who developed PCa during 14.1 years of follow-up. Elevated LDL ≥ 3.65 mmol/L was associated with a reduced risk of PCa (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.77–0.90, p < 0.01). To exclude confounding from cardiovascular morbidity, we compared the prevalence of myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease between LDL groups. The combined prevalence of myocardial infarction, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease was similar between low and high LDL (2.67% vs. 2.49%; OR = 0.93, p < 0.01). Fine–Gray competing risk models further confirmed that high LDL remained inversely associated with PCa risk (sHR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.88–0.96, p < 0.01), indicating that the observed association is not explained by excess cardiovascular mortality or differential cardiovascular morbidity. A significant association was also found between paternal PCa and the risk of PCa (HR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.16–1.54, p < 0.01). Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT ≥ 50 U/L) was protective (HR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.56–0.84, p < 0.01), and matched cohort analyses confirmed a protective association with diabetes mellitus (HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.68–0.90, p < 0.01).

conclusionElevated LDL was consistently associated with a reduced risk of PCa, independent of cardiovascular morbidity and competing mortality. ALT elevation and diabetes mellitus also showed protective associations, though less pronounced.

Indexed as

Cholesterol, LDLProstatic NeoplasmsAgedBiological Specimen BanksCohort StudiesHumansMaleMiddle AgedRisk AssessmentRisk FactorsUK BiobankUnited KingdomCholesterol, LDLALTCardiovascular diseaseDiabetes mellitusGenetic factorsLDL

Identifiers

PMID41758417
PMCPMC12948794

What Socratic holds

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.