ArticleScientific reports2026
3D-printed core-shell scaffolds with a biphasic calcium phosphate core and GelMA hydrogel shell for bone tissue engineering.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Bone tissue engineering requires scaffolds that simultaneously provide mechanical stability, controlled biodegradation, and bioactivity to support bone regeneration. In this study, a novel core-shell composite scaffold was developed by integrating an extrusion-based 3D-printed alginate/ceramic lattice core with a bioactive gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel shell. Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) systems with different hydroxyapatite (HA)/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) ratios were incorporated into alginate-based bioinks and fabricated via robocasting to achieve well-defined, interconnected porous architectures. Following ionic crosslinking and lyophilization, the printed scaffolds were uniformly coated with GelMA and photo-crosslinked to form a stable hydrogel shell. Morphological analyses confirmed the preservation of interconnected porosity with pore sizes in the range of 450-650 µm, suitable for bone tissue ingrowth. Mechanical testing revealed that the incorporation of ceramic phases significantly enhanced scaffold stability, while GelMA coating further improved compressive performance, increasing the elastic modulus from 37.35 ± 0.73 MPa for pure alginate scaffolds to 82.04 ± 0.50 MPa for GelMA-coated BCP scaffolds. In vitro degradation studies demonstrated a controlled, time-dependent mass loss profile, indicating favorable scaffold stability under physiological-like conditions. Bioactivity evaluation in simulated body fluid (SBF) showed pronounced calcium phosphate deposition on BCP-containing scaffolds, particularly those coated with GelMA, as confirmed by FESEM and EDS analyses. Accordingly, the synergistic combination of a mechanically reinforced ceramic-polymer core and a bioactive GelMA shell resulted in scaffolds with enhanced mechanical integrity, tunable degradation behavior, and superior in vitro bioactivity. These findings highlight the potential of GelMA-coated BCP composite scaffolds as promising candidates for bone tissue engineering applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.