ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Beyond the Th2 paradigm: CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes as key drivers of tissue damage and fibrosis in IgG4-related disease.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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4 authors.
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Abstract
IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a distinctive immune-mediated disorder characterized by multi-organ involvement, dense IgG4+ plasma cell infiltration, and storiform fibrosis. While pathogenesis has traditionally been attributed primarily to T helper type(Th) 2 cytokines (e.g., Interleukin(IL)-4/IL-10), this mechanism insufficiently accounts for the observed tissue destruction and progressive fibrosis. Emerging data highlight the extensive, oligoclonally expanded infiltration of CD4+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) deep within lesions. These cells possess dual cytotoxic and profibrotic properties. This review systematically elucidates the role of CD4+ CTLs as a distinct lineage and core effector population. We detail how these cells mediate the pathology linking chronic inflammation and fibrosis through direct cytotoxicity, secretion of profibrotic factors, and complex B-cell interactions. Finally, we assess the clinical potential of CD4+ CTLs as biomarkers of disease activity and as novel therapeutic targets.
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