ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
Reprogramming the immunosuppressive breast cancer microenvironment: integrating cellular, metabolic, and stromal targets for rational immunotherapy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Macrophage-secreted brain-derived neurotrophic factor promotes tumor growth in triple-negative breast cancer by inducing axonogenesis.Cell death and differentiation · 2026Article
- NOS2 and COX2 impact the spatial landscape of CD8Redox biology · 2026Review
- Anthraquinone-Loaded Liposomes for TAM Reprogramming in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Mechanistic Rationale, Delivery Logic, and Translational Challenges.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- Regulatory T cells in breast cancer drivers of immune suppression and targets for immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Breast cancer, a highly heterogeneous malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide, is profoundly shaped in its initiation, progression, and therapeutic response by the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). This review consolidates recent advances in deciphering the cellular, molecular, and metabolic complexity of breast cancer TIME and highlights mechanisms of immune suppression that impede durable treatment efficacy. We critically appraise current and emerging immunotherapeutic approaches, with a focus on strategies that aim to transform immunologically "cold" tumors into "hot," immune-responsive phenotypes. Novel directions, including metabolic modulation, stromal reprogramming, and precision combination therapies, are discussed in the context of overcoming primary and acquired resistance. We highlight emerging biomarker strategies that integrate spatial transcriptomics to map immune exclusion zones, along with liquid biopsy monitoring of exosomal PD-L1 and circulating tumor DNA, to enable real-time adaptation of combination immunotherapy regimens.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.