ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Development and evaluation of an inhalable nanoemulsion system for enhancing NK cell function against osteosarcoma pulmonary metastases.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Bone niche-driven antitumor immune failure in osteosarcoma: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Introduction: Osteosarcoma frequently metastasizes to the lungs, significantly reducing survival in pediatric and young adult patients, with current therapies having limited efficacy. This study aimed to develop an inhalable nanoemulsion formulation to enhance targeted pulmonary drug delivery and restore natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immunity against metastatic osteosarcoma. Methods: A nanoemulsion composed of medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil and Distearoyl-rac-glycerol-PEG Results: The resulting SIS3-VAP-DAC nanoemulsion maintained particle sizes below 162 nm, stability over one month, enhanced cytotoxicity of human NK-92 cells, and restoration of granzyme B secretion despite TGF-β suppression, as well as induced NKG2D ligand expression on murine osteosarcoma cells. Intranasal administration of the SIS3-VAP-DAC nanoemulsion effectively reduced pulmonary tumor burden in human osteosarcoma xenograft mouse models with no observable clinical toxicity. Discussion: This study establishes a novel inhalable nanoemulsion platform that significantly restores NK-cell functionality against pulmonary metastatic osteosarcoma.
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