ReviewFrontiers in immunology2026
A new type of biomarker for heat stress: insights from immunology.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
Global warming exacerbates heat stress in dairy cows, while traditional indicators like the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) struggle to accurately reflect individual physiological response variations. This review systematically analyzes the dynamic changes in the bovine immune system under heat stress and proposes immune-related biomarkers as a novel strategy for early warning and individualized assessment. Research reveals that heat stress compromises the innate immune barrier function of cows, suppressing neutrophil chemotaxis and antimicrobial peptide synthesis, leading to a decline in the opsonophagocytic index and endotoxin translocation. Expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (e.g., Claudin-1, Occludin) is significantly downregulated (by ~40%), causing endotoxin translocation (serum LPS increases ~3-fold) and disruption of the blood-milk barrier, increasing mastitis risk by 2-3 times. Regarding adaptive immunity, the proliferation and differentiation of T/B cells are impaired, the CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio decreases, antibody affinity maturation is suppressed, and the efficiency of immune memory formation post-vaccination is reduced. Concerning mammary immunity, the number of viable granulocytes in milk decreases, mammary epithelial cells increase, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels rise, and the risk of clinical mastitis increases 2-3 fold. Furthermore, heat stress induces metabolic reprogramming, gut microbiota dysbiosis, oxidative stress, and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Novel biomarkers, such as Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs), Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR), cytokine profiles (e.g., IL-6/TNF-α), acute-phase proteins (e.g., Haptoglobin, Hp), and epigenetic markers, provide crucial targets for heat-tolerant breeding and early intervention, promising to enhance the climate resilience of the dairy industry.
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