Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41772436›Full record

ReviewThe journal of headache and pain2026

Hallmarks of headache disorders: part 5 - secondary headaches.

David García-Azorín, Alba Perez-de-la-Parte, Claudio Tana, Adriana Della Pietra, Raffaele Ornello, Dilara Onan, Marta Waliszewska-Prosół, Wei Wang, Roberta Messina, Doga Vuralli and 8 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in The journal of headache and pain, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

David García-AzorínDepartment of Neurology, Hospital Universitario del Río Hortega, Calle Dulzaina 2, Valladolid, 47012, Spain. dgazorin@ucm.es.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-1064
Alba Perez-de-la-ParteDepartment of Medicine, Toxicology and Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.
Claudio TanaInternal Medicine Unit, Eastern Hospital, ASL Taranto, Taranto, Italy.
Adriana Della PietraDepartment of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
Raffaele OrnelloDepartment of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Dilara OnanDepartment of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
Marta Waliszewska-ProsółDepartment of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Wei WangHeadache Center, Department of Neurology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Roberta MessinaNeuroimaging Research Unit and Neurology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
Doga VuralliDepartment of Neurology and Algology, Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Neuropsychiatry Center, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye.
Igor PetrusicLaboratory for Advanced Analysis of Neuroimages, Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
William Wells-GatnikSchool of Health, Unitelma Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Chia-Chung ChiangDepartment of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
Lanfranco PellesiClinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
Francesca PuleddaHeadache Group, Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.
Bianca RaffaelliDepartment of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
Eloisa Rubio-Beltran *Headache Group, Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, IoPPN, King's College London, London, UK.
Alejandro Labastida-Ramirez *Division of Neuroscience, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, And Health; University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimHeadache is a common symptom that can be frequently caused by multiple secondary causes. Every person with headache fears to have a severe cause, and healthcare providers must be trained to identify which patients may suffer from these. This manuscript continues the series of hallmarks of headache disorders describing the state of the art regarding the pathophysiology, clinical aspects, diagnosis, red flags, biomarkers, acute treatment, and preventive therapies of secondary headache disorders. MAIN

resultsIdentification of secondary headache disorders is challenging, due to the large number of different causes and varied phenotypic presentations. Prompt recognition and targeted treatment can save patients’ lives and prevent chronic sequelae. Changes in the headache phenotype or new-onset neurological or systemic symptoms may reflect the occurrence of a subsequent complication and require further investigation. In patients who develop a persistent headache following to the secondary cause a phenotypic-based acute and preventive treatment is usually recommended.

conclusionsSecondary headache disorders are major contributors to the global burden of headache. Their true prevalence is the hidden part of the iceberg, but their consequences are evident. Research on secondary headache disorders could be key in the understanding of primary headache disorders pathophysiology.

Indexed as

Headache DisordersHeadache Disorders, SecondaryHumans

Identifiers

PMID41772436
PMCPMC12954918

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.