Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41778849›Full record

ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2026

Cognitive screening biases in a secondary prevention Alzheimer's disease clinical trial.

Isha Sai, Joshua D Grill, Kyan Younes, Joseph R Winer, Karly A Cody, Reisa Sperling, Elizabeth C Mormino, Christina B Young

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Isha SaiDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.ORCID 0009-0005-8971-7781
Joshua D GrillInstitute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Kyan YounesDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Joseph R WinerDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Karly A CodyDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Reisa SperlingDepartment of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Elizabeth C MorminoDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.
Christina B YoungDepartment of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9535-2137

Funding

Hippocampal-dependent memory decline in aging and early Alzheimer's diseaseR01AG074339 · NIA · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI ELIZABETH MORMINO · 2022 to 2026
$6.0M
Regional tau deposition and digital assessment of cognition in preclinical AD and MCIR00AG071837 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS · PI Christina B Young · 2025 to 2026
$606k
Neuroimaging and genetics of the glymphatic system in Alzheimer's diseaseK23AG090733 · NIA · STANFORD UNIVERSITY · PI Kyan Younes · 2025 to 2026
$332k
Alzheimer's Association AARFD-21-849349National Institute of Health R00AG071837National Institute of Health R01AG074339NIA NIH HHS K23 AG090733NIA NIH HHS R00 AG071837NIA NIH HHS R01 AG074339
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionAlzheimer's disease (AD) prevention trials have multiple steps to identify cognitively unimpaired individuals with AD biomarker evidence. Cognitive/functional screening tests may be biased in ethnoracial minorities, impacting trial eligibility.

methodsA total of 6669 participants screened for the Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's (A4) study were grouped by ethnoracial background and testing language. Ethnoracial/language differences in ineligibility reason, cognitive/functional test performance, and amyloid positivity rates were examined.

resultsEthnoracial minorities were least likely to meet eligibility criteria. Patterns of incorrect Mini-Mental State Examination items and impaired Clinical Dementia Rating functional domains differed between ethnoracial/language groups, suggesting potential test biases. The Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test yielded more similar exclusion rates across groups than Logical Memory. Cognitive/functional screening biases may impact subsequent biomarker screening as amyloid positivity rates were lowest in ethnoracial minorities. DISCUSSION: Biases in cognitive/functional screening tests may be contributing to disproportionate exclusion of ethnoracial minorities in AD clinical trials.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseasePatient SelectionAgedAged, 80 and overBiasFemaleHumansMaleNeuropsychological TestsAlzheimer's diseaseClinical trialsCognitive screening biasEnglishFree and Cued Selective Reminding TestHispanic WhiteJapaneseNeuropsychological testing languagenon‐Hispanic Asiannon‐Hispanic Blacknon‐Hispanic White

Identifiers

PMID41778849
PMCPMC12958866

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.