ArticleThe Journal of nutrition2026
Fermented Dairy Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome in Finnish Men and Women.
Article in The Journal of nutrition, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of cardiovascular disease risk factors, with diet playing a key role in its prevention. Fermented dairy products may influence MetS risk, with possible sex-specific associations.
objectivesWe examined whether fermented dairy consumption was associated with MetS and its components in Finland. Associations with nonfermented and total dairy were also evaluated.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included 5096 adults (44% men) from the National FinHealth 2017 study. Diet was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. MetS was defined by Joint Interim Statement 2009 criteria. Logistic regression and analysis of covariance were adjusted for confounders.
resultsMetS prevalence was 42.5% in men and 34.1% in women. In men, the highest quintile of fermented dairy (excluding cheese) consumption was associated with lower odds of MetS [odds ratio (OR): 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.53, 0.98; P-trend = 0.018]. In women, compared with the lowest quintile, the highest quintile of cheese consumption showed inverse association and evidence of nonlinearity with MetS (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.54, 1.00; P-trend = 0.046, quadratic term P value < 0.001). The nonfermented and total dairy consumption did not show significant associations with MetS in men; however, in women, the highest consumption was associated with higher odds of MetS. Among MetS components, fermented dairy was associated with lower triglycerides (TGs), and cheese with higher high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and lower TGs in women. Nonfermented dairy was associated with adverse HDL profiles in both sexes. Dose-response analyses were consistent with the quintile-based findings, and quadratic terms indicated potential nonlinear associations.
conclusionsIn this cross-sectional analysis, associations between dairy consumption and MetS varied by sex and dairy subtype. An inverse association was observed for fermented dairy in men and for cheese in women; however, several associations were null, and in women, higher odds of MetS were observed mainly at the highest consumption of total and nonfermented dairy.
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