ReviewBirth defects research2026
Recurrent Constellations of Embryonic Malformations (RCEM): Teratogenicity Linked to Transient Hypoxia and Hormone Pregnancy Tests Agrees With RCEM and Suggest a Reactive Oxygen Species Pathogenesis.
Review in Birth defects research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundNo consistent genetic etiology has been found for a group of six different conditions in humans with multiple malformations called "recurrent constellations of embryonic malformations" (RCEM). Recent studies indicate hypoxia/reoxygenation and generation Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) as an underlying mechanism for RCEM with the specific manifestations related to the timing, severity and duration of the ROS exposure.
methodsMedical literature was evaluated in relation to a hypoxia/ROS related mechanism for RCEM. Special attention was paid to investigate if the reported spectrum of multiple human malformations for Hormone Pregnancy Tests (HPTs), which have been associated with embryonic hypoxia due abnormal uterine contractions in early pregnancy, agrees with the RCEM spectrum.
resultsThe pattern of human multiple and single malformations associated with HPTs in 44 case reports with multiple defects, 86% (38/44) were consistent with RCEM spectrum, the most common was VACTERL. There was also a high consistency with regards to increases in single HPT malformations within the RCEM spectrum in a large case report study (> 225 cases) and in more than 25 human epidemiological studies evaluating HPT teratogenicity. The RCEM spectrum is also consistent with reported malformations when the embryo has been exposed to periods of transient embryonic hypoxia/ROS in animal studies and when exposed to drugs associated with embryonic hypoxia/ROS (e.g., cocaine) and in some genetic diseases with malformations (e.g., NAD+ deficiency) when ROS overwhelms the antioxidant defense.
conclusionsThis review shows that HPTs are associated with human teratogenicity and ROS to be the proximate teratogen underlying RCEM.
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