ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2025
First genome sequence and functional profiling of
Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- From Cellular Lysis to Microbial Explosion: Elucidating the Temporal Degradation and Spoilage Mechanisms of Frozen Mysid Shrimp as Seahorse (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
- The Silent Pandemic: Antimicrobial Resistance, a Global Threat with Ancient Roots.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- ASP-COMPLEX: redefining antimicrobial stewardship to improve outcomes in high-risk patients with severe infections.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2026Review
- Paleopathology Meets Public Health: Deep-Time Syndemics and the Ecology of Emerging Infections.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
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5 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: Ancient cryospheric environments may preserve overlooked reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and bioactive potential. This study reports the first whole-genome sequencing and functional characterization of Psychrobacter sp. SC65A.3 isolated from 5,000-year-old ice from Scărișoara Ice Cave, revealing a multidrug-resistance phenotype alongside antimicrobial activity. Methods: Whole-genome sequencing combined with phenotypic characterization for extremotolerance, antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical profile were used to identify and functionally characterize the ancient Psychrobacter sp. SC65A.3. Results: SC65A.3 is a polyextremophile, growing up to 15 °C and tolerating 1.9 M NaCl and 0.9 M MgCl₂. Phylogenetic analysis classified it within P. cryohalolentis. Functional assays showed broad hydrolytic activity and resistance to 10 antibiotics across 8 classes, including third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and rifampicin. Whole-genome analysis identified >100 AMR-associated genes, including clinically relevant determinants (e.g., ampC, gyrA, gyrB, parC, parE, dfrA, rpoB, tetA, tetC, and mcr-1), as well as multiple heavy-metal resistance and multidrug efflux genes. SC65A.3 inhibited 14 ESKAPE-group pathogens (including MRSA, Enterococcus faecium, Enterobacter sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii), consistent with genes linked to antimicrobial compounds such as glycopeptides and bacitracin. In addition, 45 stress-response genes related to cold/heat adaptation were detected, including distinctive htpX, htpG, and pka genes among cold-adapted Psychrobacter. Discussion: SC65A.3 represents an ancient, ice-adapted Psychrobacter with a dual profile of multidrug resistance and antimicrobial activity, highlighting ice caves as underexplored reservoirs of ancient resistomes and bioactive traits. To our knowledge, this is the first genome analysis of a Psychrobacter isolate from an ice cave and the first characterization of an ancient resistome from this environment, supporting future ecological, biotechnological, and medical exploration.
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