Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41785127›Full record

ArticleNeuropsychology2026

Associations among response time inconsistency, attention switching, and cognitive status: A measurement burst approach.

Robert S Stawski, Eric S Cerino, Stuart W S MacDonald

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Neuropsychology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Robert S StawskiUtah State University, Department of Human Development and Family Studies.ORCID 0000-0002-0809-6372
Eric S CerinoNorthern Arizona University, Department of Psychological Sciences.ORCID 0000-0003-3609-0805
Stuart W S MacDonaldUniversity of Victoria, Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health, Department of Psychology.ORCID 0000-0002-1042-4750

Funding

SSCIMA: Integrating Analysis of Socio-economic Sub-population Dynamics to Improve Spatial Models of Infectious DiseaseU54MD012388 · NIMHD · NORTHERN ARIZONA UNIVERSITY · PI Joseph Mihaljevic · 2017 to 2026
$49.7M
Psychosocial and Health-Related Influences on Response Time Inconsistency in OldR21AG045575 · NIA · OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY · PI STAWSKI, ROBERT STEVEN · 2013 to 2014
$378k
National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of HealthNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaNIA NIH HHS R21 AG045575NIMHD NIH HHS U54 MD012388Royal Society of Canada's College of New Scholars, Artists and Scientists
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTrial-to-trial variability in response times (RT inconsistency; RTI) has emerged as an important dimension of performance for characterizing cognitive function and cognitive status. The present study explores whether (a) RT inconsistency is associated with attention switching performance between-persons and within-persons over time, (b) RTI-attention switching associations differ as a function of cognitive impairment status, and (c) RTI-attention switching associations change longitudinally over 4 years.

methodA sample of 304 adults (64-92 years) at baseline completed measures of attention switching and a 1-back choice response time task weekly for 4-5 weeks, repeating this protocol and a basic neuropsychological assessment annually for 4 years. Three cognitive status subgroups were identified at baseline: healthy controls (HC), as well as cognitive impairment-no dementia (CIND) status based upon single (CIND-S) and multiple (CIND-M) domains.

resultsGreater RTI was associated with significantly slower attention switching performance between-persons and within-persons over time. Importantly, RTI-attention switching associations were specific to individuals exhibiting cognitive impairment. Specifically, within-person associations were evident among CIND-M participants, while between-person associations emerged for CIND-S and CIND-M participants. RTI-attention switching associations did not reliably change over time. All associations were independent of age, education, chronic health conditions, and mean RT.

conclusionsRTI confers a unique information about cognitive function and status and holds promise as a functional indicator of pathological cognitive aging. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Indexed as

AgingAttentionCognitionCognitive DysfunctionExecutive FunctionPsychomotor PerformanceReaction TimeAgedAged, 80 and overFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedNeuropsychological Tests

Identifiers

PMID41785127
PMCPMC13297484

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.