ArticleESMO open2026
Genomic landscape, immune microenvironment and survival in male versus female breast cancer.
Article in ESMO open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- The Human Male Mammary Gland has Similar Epithelial Populations to Female but Distinct Composition and Transcriptional Properties.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMale breast cancer (MaBC) represents ∼1% of breast malignancies and may have significant differences to female BC (FeBC) that impact prognosis and treatment response. In this work, we sought to characterize the molecular and immune landscape of MaBC. MATERIALS AND
methodsWe analyzed whole-transcriptome (WTS) and whole exome sequencing from 19 697 deidentified tumor samples provided to Caris Life Sciences.
resultsOur study found significant sex-based differences in the molecular and immunological landscape within each tumor subtype between MaBC and FeBC, including increased M2 Mϕ, and decreased dendritic cells and immune-related gene expression. Genetic amplifications and mutation frequency differences between MaBC and FeBC across molecular subtypes included significant differences in TP53 and ESR1 mutation [2.4% versus 31.2%; 5.8% versus 13.3%, hormone receptor (HR)-positive/HER2-negative], and BRCA2 and CDH1 mutation [6.7% versus 2.1%, HER2-positive; 16.7% versus 5.6%, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC)]. Immunologically, MaBC exhibited increased tumor-promoting M2 Mϕ (5.8% versus 3.0%, TNBC), decreased dendritic cell infiltration (2.2% versus 2.6%, HR-positive/HER2-negative) and decreased PDCD1 and LAG3 immune checkpoint gene expression (0.3% versus 0.4%; 2.3% versus 2.9%, HR-positive/HER2-negative) against FeBC.
conclusionsOur findings suggest a unique genomic and immunologic landscape in MaBC requiring a sex-informed approach and provide candidate therapeutic targets and mechanisms of resistance.
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Registered trials
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