Evidence mapPaperPMID 41789417Full record

ArticleJournal of inflammation research2026

Body Weight-Related Differences in Adipokines and Inflammatory Markers Among Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.

Lucas M Carvalho, Jhulia C N L Da Mota, Amanda A Ribeiro, Leticia L Souza, Ruan Célio Dos Santos Sales, Bruno Gualano, María Martínez-Urbistondo, J Alfredo Martínez, Eduardo F Borba, Carolina F Nicoletti

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of inflammation research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Lucas M CarvalhoApplied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Jhulia C N L Da MotaApplied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Amanda A RibeiroApplied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Leticia L SouzaApplied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Ruan Célio Dos Santos SalesApplied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Bruno GualanoApplied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
María Martínez-UrbistondoInternal Medicine Service, Puerta de Hierro University Hospital of Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Spain.
J Alfredo MartínezPrecision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health, IMDEA Food, Madrid, Spain.
Eduardo F BorbaRheumatology Division, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
Carolina F NicolettiApplied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group - School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease marked by chronic inflammation and frequent metabolic disturbances. Understanding the influence of body weight and hydroxychloroquine on adipokines and inflammatory markers may clarify their role in SLE progression. Purpose: This study examined metabolic health, adipose tissue gene expression, and serum adipokine and inflammatory profiles in normal-weight (NW) and excess body weight (EBW) female patients with SLE and explored associations with disease activity and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) use. Patients and methods: Fifty women with SLE were classified as NW or EBW. Laboratory analyses included antibodies against double-stranded DNA, complement components (C3, C4), fasting glucose, triglycerides, total and fractionated cholesterol, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression was assessed by real-time PCR. Results: Mean age, disease duration, and SLEDAI-2K scores were similar between groups (p > 0.05). HCQ dose adjusted by body weight was lower in EBW patients (p < 0.05). EBW patients had higher total cholesterol, LDL-c, CRP, and leptin, with lower adiponectin and reduced adiponectin/leptin ratio (p < 0.05). Adipose tissue expression of TNF-α, LEP, IL-6, and ADIPOQ was elevated in EBW (p < 0.05). Stratifying by adipo/lep ratio (≤5 vs >5) showed similar disease activity (p > 0.05), though patients with preserved adipose function (ratio >5) had higher serum C4 (p = 0.004) and a trend for increased C3 (p = 0.055). Multiple regression indicated HCQ dose (mg/kg/day) was inversely associated with abdominal circumference (β = -0.43; p = 0.003) and fat mass(β = -0.38; p = 0.009) and positively associated with adiponectin (β = 0.45; p = 0.002) and adipo/lep ratio (β = 0.39; p = 0.009). Higher HCQ doses tended to increase HDL-C (p = 0.059) and reduce leptin (p = 0.058). Conclusion: Excess body weight in SLE is linked to an adverse adipokine profile and increased inflammation, raising metabolic and cardiovascular risk. Weight-adjusted HCQ shows protective effects on adipose metabolism, HDL-c, and adiponectin. These findings emphasize individualized, weight-based HCQ therapy and early adipose biomarker assessment to guide precision medicine in SLE management.

Indexed as

adipo/lep ratioadipose tissuecardiometabolicgene expressionobesitysystemic lupus erythematosus

Identifiers

PMID41789417
PMCPMC12958974

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.