Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41795411›Full record

ArticleUltrasonics sonochemistry2026

Real-time drug release monitoring from acoustically responsive scaffolds.

Sander Spiekhout, Bachir A Abeid, Jonathan B Estrada, J Brian Fowlkes, Mario L Fabiilli, Mitra Aliabouzar

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Ultrasound-responsive composite hydrogels: Design rules for spatiotemporally controlled drug delivery.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Sander SpiekhoutDepartment of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Bachir A AbeidDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Jonathan B EstradaDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
J Brian FowlkesDepartment of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Mario L FabiilliDepartment of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Applied Physics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Mitra AliabouzarDepartment of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: aliabouz@umich.edu.

Funding

Angiogenic growth factor delivery for vascular regeneration in critical limb ischemia using acoustically-responsive scaffoldsR01HL139656 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Mario Leonardo Fabiilli · 2018 to 2026
$5.7M
Real-Time, Non-Invasive Thrombus Characterization using Ultrasound Responsive NanodropletsR01HL180433 · NHLBI · UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR · PI Mitra Aliabouzar · 2025 to 2026
$1.5M
NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL139656NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL180433
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Acoustically responsive scaffolds (ARSs), composite hydrogels containing phase-shift droplets that are activated by ultrasound, enable on-demand drug delivery with spatiotemporal precision. Yet, real-time monitoring of drug release from ARSs remains limited. Here, we studied the dynamics of the ultrasound-based activation mechanism, acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), in fibrin-based ARSs containing perfluorohexane droplets. We investigated how initial droplet concentration, acoustic pressure, and burst number affect droplet dynamics, bubble cloud evolution, acoustic emissions, and drug release efficiency. Optical imaging, at 5 million frames per second (Mfps) and 50 fps, revealed that ADV-induced bubble cloud morphologies were concentration dependent. At high concentrations and pressures, bubble clouds expanded significantly beyond the ultrasound focal region by up to 300%. ADV generated distinct low-frequency (LF) emissions that progressively decreased over repeated bursts by ≈30 dB, indicating a reduction in the number of vaporized droplets within the focal region. The burst number at which LF emissions plateaued (e.g., 51 bursts at 0.1% (v/v), 6.2 MPa) correlated with the burst number at which payload release reached its maximum value (57 bursts), demonstrating that LF emissions provide real-time, non-invasive feedback on ADV-mediated drug delivery. These results establish a direct correlation between LF emissions and ADV, and underscore their potential for real-time monitoring of drug release in ARSs.

Indexed as

AcousticsDrug LiberationFluorocarbonsHydrogelsTime FactorsVolatilizationFluorocarbonsHydrogelsAcoustically responsive scaffoldsAcoustic droplet vaporizationAcoustic monitoringDrug releasePhase-shift droplets

Identifiers

PMID41795411
PMCPMC12992986

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.