ArticleOncology research2026
TDO2-Associated Tryptophan Metabolism Correlates with Impaired Tertiary Lymphoid Structure Maturation and Reduced B Cell Class Switching in Breast Cancer.
Article in Oncology research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Targeting tryptophan metabolism in breast cancer immunotherapy: Recent advances and future prospects.Translational oncology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) promote antitumor immunity and predict favorable immunotherapy outcomes in breast cancer. The study aimed to investigate how Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2)-associated tryptophan metabolism influences TLS maturation and B cell class switching in breast cancer. Methods: Bulk transcriptomic data from The Cancer Genome Atlas-Breast Invasive Carcinoma (TCGA-BRCA, Results: We identified that elevated tryptophan metabolism was predominantly enriched in the Luminal A subtype and delineates an immune-cold phenotype with less immunogenicity, associated with a distinct immune-dominant cellular microenvironment, particularly enriched in T and plasma cells. High expression of the tryptophan-metabolizing enzyme TDO2 was significantly enriched in TLS-low tumors and negatively correlated with TLS maturation signatures. Functional enrichment revealed suppressed B cell class switching and attenuated C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9 (CXCL9) expression in TLS-deficient tumors. Spatial transcriptomics and hotspot analysis demonstrated an inverse spatial correlation between TDO2 expression and TLS core components. Tumors with high tryptophan metabolism showed decreased cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20) Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings suggest that TDO2-associated tryptophan metabolism is linked to impaired TLS maturation and suppressed B cell class switching in breast cancer. Targeting the TDO2-kynurenine axis may represent a promising strategy to restore TLS formation and enhance immunotherapy responsiveness in breast cancer.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.