Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41799949›Full record

ArticleBioactive materials2026

Skin-mimetic bilayer hydrogel enhances spatiotemporal coordination of neuro-immune-vascular interactions to accelerate diabetic wound healing.

Haomin Wang, Lei Yang, Hao Jiang, Zheng Li, Xiaojun Zhou, Baokun Wang, Zheyu Zhang, Guoqing Wang, Shuo Chen, Chuanglong He

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Bioactive materials, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Haomin WangSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
Lei YangState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Hao JiangSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
Zheng LiSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
Xiaojun ZhouState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Baokun WangState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Zheyu ZhangState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Guoqing WangSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
Shuo ChenState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.
Chuanglong HeState Key Laboratory of Advanced Fiber Materials, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, College of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Diabetic wound healing is a complex spatiotemporal process that requires stage-specific interventions to address disrupted neuro-immune interactions and impaired angiogenesis. However, achieving such precise coordination with a single regenerative dressing remains a considerable challenge. Drawing inspiration from native skin physiology, we have developed an intelligent, conductive, skin-mimetic bilayer hydrogel that spatially segregates functions and temporally orchestrates the repair process. This design features a robust, anisotropic upper layer that provides protection and serves as an efficient conduit for electrical stimulation, combined with a responsive lower layer that adheres to the wound and enables on-demand drug delivery. Specifically, the lower hydrogel releases calcitonin gene-related peptide in response to the early inflammatory microenvironment, effectively suppressing the pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype and promoting its transition to the pro-repair M2 phenotype. Subsequently, the conductive upper layer sustains the release of magnesium ions and synergizes with electrical stimulation to significantly enhance endothelial cell migration and tube formation via activation of the VEGF signaling pathway. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that this combination fosters a pro-regenerative microenvironment by enriching pathways related to extracellular matrix organization and angiogenesis. This skin-mimetic structure-to-function design offers a practical strategy for staged, precise wound repair in diabetes and provides a generalizable framework for chronic tissue regeneration.

Indexed as

Angiogenesis and neurogenesisDiabetic woundNeuro-immune interactionsSkin-mimeticTime-sequential therapy

Identifiers

PMID41799949
PMCPMC12964286

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.