ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2026
Impact of proton pump inhibitors on immunotherapy is modulated by prior chemotherapy and linked to gut microbiome-immune cell signatures.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Proton Pump Inhibitor Use and Survival Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Immunotherapy: A Real-World Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
28 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are one of the most widely used medications in the world. They have been associated with an altered microbiome, which is demonstrated to be important for immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) response. We sought to determine whether PPI use was associated with shorter overall survival (OS) in patients treated with ICIs, and whether these changes were associated with altered microbiomes and immune cell composition. Our retrospective study of patients with advanced cancer (n = 1078) evaluated the impact of PPI use on OS. We also analyzed stool samples from melanoma patients treated with ICIs (n = 42) and stool and blood samples from patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal cell carcinoma treated with ICIs (n = 8). With the data from our prospective study, we assessed microbiome composition from stool samples using metagenomic whole-genome shotgun; immune cell populations from blood samples were determined using CyTOF. Associations between PPI use, clinical outcomes, the microbiome, and immune cell populations were evaluated using survival analyses, diversity metrics, and multivariable models. PPI use was associated with shorter OS in patients with advanced cancers treated with ICIs, with the strongest effects seen in melanoma. PPI use was associated with worse clinical outcomes and microbiome alterations in patients with advanced cancers treated with ICIs, suggesting that its use may influence the efficacy of immunotherapy; prospective studies implicate its effect on the microbiome. These findings underscore the importance of considering the microbiome and concomitant medications when to enhance treatment response and efficacy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.