Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41801601›Full record

ArticleInflammopharmacology2026

Integrated computational, pharmacological and molecular investigations of piperitone in mitigating Alzheimer disease pathology by targeting cholinesterases, β-secretase and neuroinflammation.

Rubia Anwer, Ihsan Ullah, Arif-Ullah Khan, Mushtaq Ahmad Mir, Nasreena Bashir, Syed Uzair Ali Shah, Muhammad Ayaz

Abstract read
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Inflammopharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Rubia AnwerDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Ihsan UllahDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Ihsanmkd@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6905-5366
Arif-Ullah KhanRiphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Mushtaq Ahmad MirDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia.
Nasreena BashirDepartment of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia.
Syed Uzair Ali ShahDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
Muhammad AyazDepartment of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (L), 18800, KP, Pakistan. mayaz@uom.edu.pk.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4299-2445

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder linked with oxidative imbalance, cholinergic dysfunction and neuroinflammation, necessitates developing new multitarget natural compounds with potential disease-modifying action. Piperitone was evaluated using in-silico, in-vitro and in-vivo methods. In-silico study identified the pharmacokinetic parameters (PK) and the interaction stability of piperitone with acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and β-secretase. In-vivo assessment of spatial memory in scopolamine-induced rat model was identified by behavioral assays with donepezil as a reference standard. In-vitro assays identified activity of cholinesterases, oxidative stress markers, levels of antioxidants and neuroinflammatory substrates, quantified with Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Piperitone demonstrated favorable PK properties & docking scores comparable to Donepezil, Tacrine & QUD. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) confirmed stable associations with catalytic residues of cholinesterases and beta-secretase. Dose dependent reduction was recorded in cholinesterases, improvement in behavioral outcomes, and supplemented defenses of antioxidants including Glutathione (Reduced Form (GSH), Glutathione S-Transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and diminished Lipid Peroxidation (LPO), Nitric Oxide (NO), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), NOD-like Receptor Family Pyrin Domain Containing 3 (NLRP3) and amyloid-β production, while improving Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling. Piperitone showed significant neuroprotective and cognitive enhancement benefits by modulating cholinergic signaling, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. These multitarget actions advocate piperitone as a prospective lead candidate for the development of disease modifying treatments for AD.

Indexed as

Alzheimer DiseaseAmyloid Precursor Protein SecretasesCholinesterasesNeuroinflammatory DiseasesAnimalsAntioxidantsButyrylcholinesteraseCholinesterase InhibitorsDisease Models, AnimalHumansMaleMolecular Docking SimulationMolecular Dynamics SimulationOxidative StressRatsRats, WistarAmyloid Precursor Protein SecretasesAntioxidantsButyrylcholinesteraseCholinesterase InhibitorsCholinesterasesAcetylcholinesteraseAlzheimer’s diseaseNeuroinflammationOxidative stressPiperitone

Identifiers

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.