Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41802533›Full record

ArticleThe American journal of medicine2026

Serum Magnesium and Outcomes in U.S. Veterans with Heart Failure.

Ying Yin, Charity J Morgan, Rebecca B Costello, Gregg C Fonarow, Yan Cheng, Senait Tekle, Charles Faselis, Phillip H Lam, Helen M Sheriff, Andrea Rosanoff and 14 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The American journal of medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

24 authors.

Ying YinVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Charity J MorganVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.
Rebecca B CostelloNational Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Gregg C FonarowUniversity of California, Los Angeles, USA.
Yan ChengVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Senait TekleVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Charles FaselisVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA; Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Phillip H LamGeorgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; MedStar Heart and Vascular Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
Helen M SheriffVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Andrea RosanoffCMER Center for Magnesium Education & Research, Pahoa, Hawaii, USA.
Stefan D AnkerGerman Heart Center Charité (CVK), German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) Partner Site Berlin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland.
Venkatesh K RamanVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
Hans J MooreVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA; Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Jose D VargasVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
Samir S PatelVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Sabyasachi SenVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Simin LiuUniversity of California, Irvine, USA.
Andrew ZulloBrown University, Providence, RI, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
Paul A HeidenreichVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA; Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
Stephen S GottliebUniversity of Maryland, Baltimore, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Prakash DeedwaniaVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; University of California, San Francisco, USA.
Wen-Chih WuBrown University, Providence, RI, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA.
Qing Zeng-TreitlerVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
Ali AhmedVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. Electronic address: ali.ahmed@va.gov.

Funding

Magnesium supplement and vascular health: Machine learning from the longitudinal medical recordR01HL156518 · NHLBI · GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI AHMED, ALI, WU, WEN-CHIH · 2021 to 2024
$1.9M
NHLBI NIH HHS R01 HL156518
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMagnesium is essential for myocardial function and rhythm. Although typically well-regulated, patients with heart failure are prone to magnesium deficiency. Most clinical laboratories define normal serum magnesium as 1.6-2.6 mg/dL, but this range may include chronic latent magnesium deficiency. The Magnesium Global Network (MaGNet) recommends 2.1-2.3 as optimal. We examined outcomes in heart failure patients across and outside these ranges.

methodsUsing ambulatory serum magnesium levels, we categorized 627,349 Veterans with heart failure (2001-2023) into <1.6 (6%), 1.6-1.7 (11%), 1.8-2.0 (39%), 2.1-2.3 (34%; reference) and >2.3 (10%) mg/dL. Cox models estimated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for one-year mortality. Restricted cubic spline models assessed nonlinear associations between serum magnesium as a continuous variable, using two reference values: the lower limits of the current clinical reference range (1.6-2.6 mg/dL) and the MaGNet range (2.1-2.3 mg/dL).

resultsAll-cause mortality occurred in 15.4%, 13.3%, 11.6%, 11.5%, and 16.2% of the patients with serum magnesium <1.6, 1.6-1.7, 1.8-2.0, 2.1-2.3, and >2.3 respectively. Corresponding adjusted HRs (95% CIs) were 1.36 (1.32-1.41), 1.23 (1.20-1.26), 1.07 (1.05-1.09), 1.00 (reference), and 1.23 (1.20-1.26), respectively. When the lower limit of current clinical reference range (1.6-2.6 mg/dL) was used as the reference, restricted cubic spline analysis revealed a U-shaped association, with the lowest HR between 1.6 and 2.6 mg/dL, with significantly higher risks outside these ranges.

conclusionsIn US Veterans with heart failure, ambulatory serum magnesium levels showed an independent U-shaped association with one-year mortality, with the lowest risk observed between 1.6 and 2.6 mg/dL, consistent with the current clinical reference range, and higher risks at both lower and higher levels.

Indexed as

Heart FailureMagnesiumMagnesium DeficiencyVeteransAgedFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedProportional Hazards ModelsUnited StatesMagnesiumHeart FailureMortalitySerum MagnesiumVeterans

Identifiers

PMID41802533
PMCPMC13571438

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.