ArticleBMJ open2026
Assessment of pain and functional outcomes after lower limb amputation: a scoping review.
Article in BMJ open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Global Epidemiology of Amputation-Related Disability From 1990 to 2021: Geographic Variation and Projections to 2050.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- Baseline PTSD and depressive symptoms predict multidimensional recovery after combat-related transtibial amputation: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in rehabilitation sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPain, including phantom limb pain (PLP), residual limb pain (RLP) and low back pain (LBP), is highly prevalent after lower limb amputation (LLA) and compromises quality of life. Although both pain and function have been studied extensively, methods of assessment and reporting vary, limiting comparability. A clearer overview of how these domains are measured and interrelated is needed to guide research and practice.
objectiveTo synthesise evidence on how postamputation pain and functional outcomes have been assessed and reported in adults with LLA, and to examine reported relationships between pain and mobility/function.
designScoping review guided by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO (inception to 15 August 2025). ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Quantitative studies that measured pain and functional outcome in adults with LLA. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Two reviewers independently extracted study characteristics, pain measures and functional outcomes in Covidence; findings were narratively synthesised.
resultsEighty-four studies were included. RLP (n=46), LBP (n=32) and PLP (n=28) were most frequently examined. Pain was mainly assessed by self-report scales; mobility was typically assessed by clinical tests and less often by biomechanical instrumentation. PLP was associated with altered gait and balance deficits; RLP with limited walking distance, asymmetric weight-bearing and reduced community participation; LBP with gait asymmetry, trunk-pelvis discoordination and increased energy cost of walking.
conclusionsPostamputation pain is often linked to reduced mobility and functional limitations. However, heterogeneous definitions and inconsistent methodology hinder synthesis across studies. Future research should combine validated pain scales with objective analysis, wearable sensors and musculoskeletal modelling to clarify mechanisms and inform rehabilitation.
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Registered trials
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