ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Objective: This study aimed to analyze the effect of helminth exposure on T cell activation in a T and B cell co-culture system. Methods: T and B cells were isolated from healthy donor blood, stimulated with aCD3/aCD28, and exposed to Results: B cells reduced T cell proliferation, and SM exposure partly attenuated this inhibitory effect on CD4 T cells. ASC exposure did not affect T cell proliferation but increased soluble IL-15Rα and surface IL-15Rα and IL-2/15Rβ on CD4 T cells. Restimulation with recombinant human IL-15 revealed reduced and unsustained STAT5 activation in CD4 and CD8 T cells in ASC-exposed co-cultures. Additional analysis showed altered phosphorylation of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT6, indicating broader impairment of IL-15 responsiveness and a dampened Th1 activation profile. BCL6/BLIMP-1 transcription factor expression of B cells in ASC-exposed co-cultures suggested a shift toward a more differentiated phenotype, such as plasma cell, memory B cells, or marginal zone MZ B cells, which are all typically BCL6 Conclusion: ASC antigen exposure modulates T cell activation through dynamic regulation of the IL-15-pathway and STAT signaling. These findings suggest that ASC exposure may help prevent prolonged IL-15-driven responses, potentially limiting excessive inflammation during TB. B cells in ASC-exposed co-cultures exhibit transcriptional changes consistent with a shift away from the germinal center phenotype toward more differentiated states.
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